《修辞格与翻译》PPT课件.ppt

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1、,Lecture Twelve,修辞格与翻译Translation of Figures of Speech,胡曙中，英语修辞学，上海外语教育出版社范家材，英语修辞赏析，上海I came,I saw,I conquered!,Rhetoric 修辞学Rhetoric is the art of discourse,an art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers that attempt to inform,persuade,or motivate particular audiences in specific

2、 situations.1.Phonetic 语音2.Lexical 词汇3.Syntactic 句法 Aristotle,英语主要修辞格：1.明喻（simile）2.暗喻（metaphor）3.借代/转喻（metonymy）4.拟人（personification）5.仿拟（parody）6.夸张（hyperbole）7.委婉/讳饰（euphemism）8.拟声（Onomatopoeia)9.双关(Pun)10.层进(Climax),1.Simile（明喻）,A simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two

3、 unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.Simile 一词源于拉丁语 similis,其意为like（像）。它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词（如as,like 等）起连接作用，说明事物甲在某方面像事物乙。,Simile 通常由三部分构成，即本体(tenor)、喻体(vehicle/reference)和比喻词（comparative word）。My love is like a red red rose.tenor comparative word vehicle,

4、O my luve is like a red,red rose Thats newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodie,Thats sweetly playd in tune.(Robert Burns)啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰 六月里迎风初开啊，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌 弹唱得合拍又柔和。（王佐良译）,Simile（明喻）的表现形式：,(1)likeLiving without an aim is like sailing without a compass.(John Ruskin)生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针。He was

5、like a cat on hot bricks before his driving test.在驾照考试之前，他紧张得像热锅上的蚂蚁。Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress:those who are without want to get in,and those within want to get out.(P.M.Quitard)婚姻像是一个被包围的城堡：外边的想要进去，里边的想要出来。,(2)asAs the lion is king of beasts,so is the eagle king of birds.鹰是鸟中之王，犹如狮是兽中

6、之王。Love goes towards love,as schoolboys from their books;But love from love,towards school with heavy looks.(William Shakespeare)赴恋人的约会，像学童抛开书本；和恋人分别，像学童板着脸上学。,As firm as a rock 坚如磐石As light as a feather 轻如鸿毛As close as an oyster 守口如瓶As sure as a gun 千真万确As cool as a cucumber 泰然自若As mute as a fish 噤

7、若寒蝉As blue as the great sea,(3)as if;as thoughThe first time I read an excellent book,it is to me as if I had gained a new friend.我头一回读到一本好书，对我来说好像交了一位新朋友。My handwriting looks as if a swarm of ants,escaping from an ink bottle,had walked over a sheet of paper without wiping their legs.我的笔迹看起来就好像一群蚂蚁从

8、墨水瓶里逃出来，没把脚抹干净就在纸上行走似的。,(4)whatA)A is to B what C is to D.B)What C is to D,A is to B.The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.作家的笔犹如战士的枪。Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。The man who cannot be trusted is to society what a bit of rotten timber is to a hous

9、e.无信的人之于社会，犹如朽木之于住宅。Water is to fish what air is to men.水之于鱼，犹如空气之于人。,What salt is to food,wit and humor are to conversation and literature.妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。What sculpture is to a block of marble,(that)education is to the soul.教育之于心灵，犹如雕刻之于大理石。What blood vessel is to a mans body,(that)railway

10、is to transportation.铁路之于运输，犹如血管之于人体。,(5)andLove and cough can not be hid.恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃他人耳目。Truth and roses have thorns about them.真理如玫瑰，全身都带刺。Words and feathers are tossed by the wind.言语如羽毛，风刮随风飘。A word and a stone let go can not be recalled.说出去的话就像扔出去的石头是收不回的。一言既出，驷马难追。Kings and bears often worry thei

11、r keepers.国王跟熊一样，总使照料者坐立不安。,2.Metaphor（暗喻；隐喻）,A metaphor also makes a comparison between two elements,but unlike simile,this comparison is implied rather than stated.Metaphor 借自希腊语metapherein一词，原意为transfer（转换）。它也是一种比喻手法，但是形式简练，表达含蓄，无需借助比喻词，而是直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。试比较：The soldier was as brave as a lion in t

12、he battle.(simile)The soldier was a lion in the battle.(metaphor),Metaphor（隐喻）的常见形式：,（1）名词型最常见的是“甲是乙”，喻体一般出现在表语部分。The world is a stage,and all the men and women merely players.(William Shakespeare)世界是个大舞台，男男女女，演员而已。Happiness is a perfume you cannot pour on others without getting a few drops on yours

13、elf.(Ralph W.Emerson)快乐犹如香水，你不可能向别人喷洒而不沾上几滴。,The pain of separationThe light of learningA vicious circleRoom for negotiationAn angry skyGraves yawnedKilling half-an-hourShoulder of the hill 山脊Friendly riverLaughing valleys,Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and remain

14、ing chapters in prose.(Beverley Nicolas)婚姻，是一本第一章以诗写成，其余各章则以散文写成的书。Beauty,strength,youth,are flowers but fading seen;Duty,faith,love are roots,and ever green.(George Peele)美貌、体力、青春，就像花朵，终将衰尽；义务、信念、爱情，就像树根，万古长青。,（2）动词型Some books are to be tasted,others swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested

15、.(Francis Bacon)书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。He that cannot forgive others breaks the bridge over which he must pass for every man has need to be forgiven.(Fuller)Be tolerable,The case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in the U.S.history.像滚雪球似地，1994年6月，美国最著名的橄榄球星辛普森被控谋杀前妻及其男友，被送上法庭。公诉方出具证据723件，

16、血证如山；辩护方以392件证据反证“证据不足”，控辩双方唇枪舌剑历时460天，1995年10月3日，这起双重谋杀案最终经陪审团裁定，辛普森无罪释放，美国历史上最著名谋杀案的审判划上了句号。采访此案的记者超过1000人，美国新闻媒介把辛普森案的审判称为“世纪审判”。,（3）形容词型She has a photographic memory for detail.Ive got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight.(O.Henry:The Clarion Call)The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship.By th

17、is hour the volcanic fires of his nature had burnt down,and having drunk no great quantity as yet he was inclined to acquiesce.(Thomas Hardy)到这时候，他天性中那种暴烈的火焰已经燃烧殆尽，酒还喝得不多，他就打算加以默认了。,（4）of 短语型A)a/the+N1+of+N2the valley of despair;the bridge of friendshipB)a+N1+of+a+N2a flower of a girl;a fox of a man

18、The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.It is its natural manure.(Thomas Jefferson)自由之树需要爱国者和暴君的鲜血来浇灌。鲜血是养育自由之树的天然基肥。,With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.With this faith we will be able to transf

19、orm the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.(Martin Luther King,Jr.)抱有这个信念，我们就能从绝望之山凿出一块希望之石。抱有这个信念，我们就能把我们民族刺耳的噪音改变为一部歌颂手足之情的美妙交响曲。,FOGThe fog comeson little cat feet.It sits lookingover harbor and cityon silent haunchesand then moves on.(Carl Sandburg),飘过来的雾，像小

20、猫般轻盈迈步。坐在港口城市上空，四周环顾。悄悄躬一下腰，又开始赶路（卡尔桑德堡）,在地铁站内 埃兹拉庞德In a Station of the MetroThe apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet,black bough.这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现；湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。,3.Metonymy（借代/转喻）,What is metonymy?换称Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one

21、thing for that of another.In other words,it involves a“change of name”,the substituted name suggesting the thing meant.,Metonymy 一词源于希腊语 metonymia,意为changing of name（换称）。该辞格的修辞方式为故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借与改人或物密切相关的事物名称来代替，即借乙名代甲称。例如：Pen:what is written by the pen;books;articles;Bottle:liquor,wine,alcohol;

22、He took to the bottle.(=He took to drinking.),汉语借代：,汉语中的借代有旁代，对代和它代等三种形式：1）旁代是用随伴事物代替主干事物的一种形式。但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。苏轼三十功名尘与土，八千里路云和月。2）对代是两个相对的事物或人物相互代替。全体与部分互代，普通与特殊互代。沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。刘禹锡3）它代指其他借代形式，原因结果互化，以数量代替人或事物；以性状、情感代替事物等。谜语：一减一不是零谜底：三用一代算术减号。,手无寸铁 戎马生涯巾帼须眉六出纷飞说曹操，曹操到檀郎谢女晋代潘安，小字檀奴，姿仪秀美。晋代谢道蕴，聪慧过人。“檀郎

23、”代美男子；“谢女”代才女。弄瓦之喜、弄璋之喜“瓦”，原始的纺锤，古人把瓦给女孩玩，希望她将来能善于女工。“弄瓦”代女孩。“璋”是玉器。“弄璋”，古人把璋给男孩玩，希望他将来有玉一样的品德。“弄璋”代男孩。,3.1 Sources of Metonymy,A:Names of persons(1)John Bull:England,or the English people(2)Uncle Sam:the U.S.(3)Ivan:the Russian peopleB:Animals(1)British Lion:England or the English government(2)the

24、bear:the former Soviet Union or the Soviet govenment,C:Parts of the body(1)heart:feelings or emotions(2)head,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reason Her heart ruled her head.她的感情战胜了她的理智。Use your brains.(3)gray hair:old age 华发,D:Professions(1)the bar:the legal profession;He has been called to the bar.(2)the

25、 bench:position of judge or magistrate;He has been appointed to the bench.(3)the veil:the vocation of a nun;She took the veil at 20.(4)the press:newspapers;newspaper reporters;Hes meeting the press this morning.Press conference,E:Locations of government,of business or industrial enterprises(1)Downin

26、g Street:the British government(2)the White House:the U.S.government(3)the Pentagon:the U.S.Department of National Defense(4)Wall Street:U.S.financial circles(5)Hollywood:American film-making industry(6)Buckingham Palace:the British Royals,3.2 Usage of Metonymy,（1）以事物特征代替事物本身A thousand moustaches ca

27、n live together,but not four breasts.(A Proverb)千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。Soapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brass buttons.(O.Henry:The Cop and the Anthem)苏比不声不响地站着，两手插在口袋里，一见到警察就露出微笑。,（2）以工具代替动作或行为者A hundred bayonets were marching down the street.100个手握刺刀钢枪的士兵正沿街前进。Som

28、etimes the pen is mightier than the sword.有时候笔杆子比刀剑更有力。有时候文人比武士更有力量。Facts speak louder than words.,（3）以人体部位代替其功能She has a sharp tongue.她言语尖刻。The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavor.有音乐修养的人能听出古典音乐的韵味。She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.她有审美眼光。I have an opinion of you,sir,to which

29、it is not easy to give the mouth.(Charles Dickens)我对你有点意见，先生，不过很难用话语表达出来。,（4）以抽象事物代替具体事物See,from his hands,his head,his side,sorrow and love flow mingled down.(Issac Watt)瞧，从他的双手，他的头，他的腰，流下交织着哀和爱的血。（指耶稣被钉在十字架上受难的情形。）In the present instance,it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.

30、(Jane Austen)在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望的是病人和穷人。,（5）借名代实Have you read Jack London?你读过杰克伦敦的作品吗？The kettle is boiling.壶（水）开了。We discussed the matter over a bottle.我们边饮酒边讨论此事。,4.Personification（拟人）,Personification is a figure of speech that gives human form or feelings to animals,or gives life and personal attrib

31、utes to inanimate objects,or to ideas and abstractions.Websters New World Dictionary:“a figure of speech in which a thing,quality,or idea is represented as a person.”Personification 是一种将物当作人来描写的修辞手法，即把通常仅用于描写人的各类词移用于描写物，赋予各种物（包括有生命的和无生命的，具体的和抽象的）以人类所特有的言行、品质、思想和感情。,（1）英语谚语中的拟人,Lies have short legs.谎

32、言总是站不住脚的。Walls have ears.隔墙有耳。Hunger never saw bad bread.饥不择食。Beggars cannot be choosers.Experience is the mother of wisdom.经验乃智慧之母。Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。Zeal without knowledge is the sister of folly.无知的热情无异于愚蠢。,（2）文学作品中的拟人,Laziness travels so slowly,that poverty soon overtakes hi

33、m.(Benjamin Franklin)懒惰缓缓而行，贫穷迎头赶上。A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.(Mark Twain)当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言可能已经走了半个世界。Mosquitoes were using my ankles for filling stations.(Cornelia O.Skinner)蚊子们正把我的脚踝当作加油站。,5.Onomatopoeia（拟声）,拟声(Onomatopoeia)是英语语音修辞格的一种。Onomatopoei

34、a源自希腊语onomatopeiia，意为name-making（造词）。拟声是通过模仿、描绘和渲染人类万物的声音来修辞的一种辞格，使用拟声能增强语言表达的直观性、生动性和形象性，给人一种如闻其声、身临其境的感觉。按照拟声词所模拟的对象及特点，可以将其分为以下四类：,（1）模仿人类声音的拟声词sh 嘘，示意安静aha 啊哈，表示得意Ouch 哎哟，表示疼痛ahem 嗯哼，清嗓子或引人注意hurrah 呜啦，欢呼声Murmur 低语声,mumble 咕哝地说giggle 咯咯笑Chuckle grunt 哼嗤(表示恼怒、轻蔑)groan 呻吟声chatter 唧唧喳喳的说话声hiss表示嘲弄或厌

35、恶的嘘声。,Spring,the sweet Spring,is the years pleasant king;Then blooms each thing,then maids dance in a ring,Cold doth not sting,the pretty birds do sing,Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!(Thomas Nashe:Spring)春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜,处处都有花树，都有女儿环舞,微寒但觉清和，佳禽争着唱歌,啁啁，啾啾，哥哥，割麦、插-禾!(托马斯纳什:春郭沫若译)周迪裔则根据拟声词的来源将其翻译成：“杜鹃

36、咕咕，夜莺喳喳，田凫噗喂，鸱鸺(音chxi)啕鸣。”,（2）模仿动物的声音的拟声词Asses bray(heehaw).Bees hum(buzz,drone).Bulls bellow.Cows moo.Cocks crow(cock-a-doodle-doo).Hens cackle(cluck).Chicken cheepCats meow(purr).Dogs bow-wow.Doves coo.,Ducks quack.Elephants trumpet.Frogs croak.Geese gaggle.Horses neigh(snort).马嘶。Magpies chatter.喜

37、鹊Mice squeak.Pigs grunt.Lions roar.狮吼。Snakes hiss.Wolves howl.狼嚎。,（3）模仿自然界声音的拟声词大自然中的风雨雷电，波涛流水等各种声音也都被语言记录下来。雷声隆隆：peal,crack,clap,rumble,风声沙沙：rustle,whisper,波涛汩汩：swish,splash,流水淙淙：babble,murmur,gurgle,chatter,雨声淅淅沥沥：hiss,spatter,风吹树叶：rustle,murmur,还有嗖嗖的子弹声：whiz,墙倒的扑通声：crash 等等。,The ice was here,the

38、ice was there,The ice was all around:It cracked and growled,and roared and howled,Like noise in a swound!(Samuel T.Coleridge:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)译文:这里是冰，那里是冰,到处是冰墙重重。崩裂、咆哮、吼鸣、嚎啸,真个是震耳欲聋。(吕千飞译),赏析：柯勒律治一连用了四个拟声词(crack,growl,roar,howl)来模拟海上冰裂的嘎嘎声，把环境和气氛渲染得极其逼真，把读者带到了一个如闻其声、如观其色、如见其形的境地，波涛汹涌

39、的壮观景象栩栩如生地展现在读者眼前。,And they scuffled and huffled and shuffled and puffled,muffled and buffled and duffled and fluffled and guffled and bruffled and screamed and shrieked and squealed and squeaked,and clawed and snapped and bit,and bumped and thumped,and dumped and flumped each other-till they were a

40、ll torn into little bits.And at last there was nothing left to record this painful accident,except the cherry and seven small green feathers.And that was the vicious and voluble end of the seven young parrots.这伙鸟儿扭成一团，噗哧噗哧，嘴撕脚抓，吱啦吱啦!你死我活，唏哩哗啦!最后，只落得七败俱伤，血迹斑斑。剩下的，惟有那颗樱桃和七片绿色的羽毛!饶舌、贪婪，七小鹦哥就这么个下场!(刘宓庆译

41、),（4）模仿各种工具、机械的声音的拟声词钟表滴嗒:ticktack,tick tock,铃声丁零:jingle,ding-a-ling,ting-a-ling,号声嘟嘟:tattoo,车声隆隆:rumble,thump,鼓声咚咚:drum,锣声哐哐:gong 等等,清幽的小巷里响起了清脆的自行车铃声。I heard the crisp tickling of the bicycle rising from the quiet alley.上学路上，我能看见溪中的潺潺流水，能听见树林中的青蛙鸣杜鹃啼麻雀叫。On my way to school I can see the babbling w

42、ater in the brook,hear the frogs creaking,cuckoos cuckooing,sparrows chirping in the woods.,深巷中不时传来狗吠声和墙头上的鸡叫声。From time to time,dogs were heard bark in the deep lanes and cocks crow on the top of courtyard walls.深深的秋夜，只有蟋蟀的叫声和案头的灯光伴着我。Late into the autumn night,there are only the chirping of cricke

43、ts and the light on my desk that keep me company.,她笑骂道：“该死的，吓死我了。”She cursed him,giggling:“Damn you!What fright you gave me.”老板厉声说道：“你昏了头了，教训起我来了。”The boss snarled:“Youre crazy!You dare to lecture me!”“畜生！”阿Q怒目而视的说，嘴角上飞出唾沫来。（鲁迅：阿Q正传）“Stupid ass!”hissed Ah Q,glaring furiously and foaming at the mouth

44、.,每逢卖得了一块钱，看见顾客欣然挟着纸包而去，林先生就忍不住心里一顿，在他心里的算盘上就加添了五分洋钱的血本的亏折。（茅盾：林家铺子）Watching the satisfied customer going out with a package under his arm,Mr.Lin suffered a pang with every dollar he took in,as the abacus in his mind clicked a five percent loss off the cost price he had raised through sweat and bloo

45、d.林老板是位精明的商人，心里总有一把算盘。打折卖东西让他心疼不已，翻译时增加click一词，巧妙地再现了林老板拨动心里算盘的动作，算盘珠子卡搭的响声似乎都能听见。林老板痛惜作亏本生意的心理状态借助拟声词click表现得淋漓尽致。,6.Pun（双关）,朗文当代英语辞典：Pun:“also play on wordsan amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings,or words with the same sound but different meanings”.Websters Third New International

46、 Dictionary:Pun:the humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or applications or of words having the same or nearly the same sound but different meanings;a play on words.,（1）英语双关的分类,对于双关的分类，不同语言学者持不同的观点。按照结构成分所起的作用，将英语双关分为语音双关、语义双关和音义双关三类。语音双关(homophonic pun)是利用同(近)音异义词构成

47、的双关。On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.星期日他们为你祈祷，星期一他们则对你掠夺。You earn your living and you urn your dead.人们谋求生计，火化死者。谋生即筑墓。,Not I,believe me.You have dancing shoes with nimble soles;I have a soul of lead so stakes me to the ground.I cannot move.我实在不能跳。你们都有轻快的舞鞋。我只有一个铅一样重的灵魂，把我的

48、身体紧紧地钉在地上，使我的脚步不能移动。(朱生豪译),语义双关是利用多义词(polyseme)或同形异义词(homonym)所构成的双关，例如：Try our sweet corn,and youll smile from ear to ear.尝尝我们的甜玉米，包你乐得合不拢嘴。（ear是多义词，既有“耳朵”的意思，又有“穗”的意思。）We must all hang together,or we shall all hang separately.如果我们不团结在一起，我们将一个个被绞死。,音义双关多体现在文学作品人物的特殊命名上，即作家在塑造人物形象时，借用音义双关的手段，赋予人物特殊姓

49、名，以揭示人物的性格、行为和命运。Women have a wonderful sense of right and wrong,but little sense of right and left.女人对善与恶具有惊人的感觉，但对左与右则感觉甚微。The boiled lobster walked into the office.那些英国士兵走进了办公室。boiled lobster本意是煮熟的龙虾，这里用来指代英国士兵，因为英国士兵常穿红色制服。,（2）英语双关的本质特点,英语双关的构成需要两个基本条件，即歧义(ambiguity)和双重语境(double context)。When a

50、woman dresses to kill,the victims apt to be time.当女人着装打扮自己去迷人时，被牺牲的往往是时间。-What do lawyers do when they die?-Lie still.-律师死后干什么?-仍然撒谎。（本义：静静地躺着）,Two beer or not two beer,thats a question.-Shakesbeer。（啤酒广告）The professor rapped on his desk and shouted,“Gentlemen,order!”The entire class yelled,“Beer!”教授