《作文注意事项》PPT课件.ppt

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1、几个基本步骤,一、写作的几个基本步骤 1、审题。考生拿到作文后第一件事要做的就是审题：仔细阅读和分析题目，准确理解题目要求和相关提示。审题的作用在于使你的写作不跑题（如果跑题，条理和语言再好，也得不到及格分，甚至0分。）那么审题要审什么呢？11、体裁（议论文、说明文、描述文）审题就是要审作文的体裁和题材。因为什么样的体裁就会用什么样的题材去写。那么体裁包括哪些呢？就四、六级考试而言，它包括议论文、说明文和描述文。从近些年来看，四、六级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的杂合体。,例如有一次四级写题是这样出的：Directions:For this part,your are allowed 30

2、 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good University Student.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:（1）做合格大学生的必要性（2）做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体等方面谈）（3）我打算这样做,很多人说这种类型的作文是议论文。我们认为说它是议论文是片面的。因为第一段要求写“.必要性”，这说明本段体裁是议论文

3、；第二段要求写“.必备条件”，这说明本段要求写说明文；而第三段要求写“.这样做”，说明本段要求写的是描述文。所以我们说在大多数情况下，四、六级作文是三种体裁的杂合体。12、根据不同体裁确定写作方法审题的目的就在于根据不同的体裁来确定不同的写作方法。通过审题，我们可以看出四、六级作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段为议论体、第二段为说明体、第三段为描述体。议论体有议论体的写作方式、说明体有说明体的写作方式、描述体也有它自身的写作特点。,第一段为议论文：它的写作特点是要有论点和论据，而且往往从正反两面来论述。例如上面题目的第一段的写作思路是：做合格大学生，会怎么样（这是从正面论述）；不能做倒合格大学生，

4、会怎么样（从反面论述）；所以我们要做合格的大学生（结论）。第二段为说明文：它的写作特点是从几方面或几条来说明一个问题，就跟某一机器的说明书一样通过1、2、3说明它的用途。就以上面的作文而言，我们从三个方面（德智体）来说明做合格大学生的必要性。第三段为描述文：以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。跟上两段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词。它要与第二段相呼应进行描述。,2、主题句。通过审题，我们知道了写作的思路。下边我们就谈怎么样写。第一步就是要写主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可能得及格分。写主题句最保险的方法就是把各要求句译成英语。例如上述作文的三段主题句分别为：It is very

5、 necessary to be a good university student.(议论体主题句)There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student.（说明体的主题句）What I will do in the future is the following.（描述题的主题句）,如果要求句是英语就可以把它扩充成主题句，题为Good Health的这篇作文：（1）Importance of good health（2）Ways to keep fit（3）My own practice这样的作文的

6、要求句就可以扩展成主题句。扩展后三段的主题句分别为：It is very important to have good health.(将名词importance变成形容词important)There are four ways to keep fit for me.(用there be句型)My own practices are the following.（采用原词）,3、条理。保证不跑题是写作当中第一重要任务，第二个重要任务就是条理清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚。对于说明文来说，1、2、3条要清楚，对于描述文要来，谁干什么要清楚。就拿上例Good Health来说，第一段保持正反

7、面要清楚就应这样写：主题句（It is very important to have good health.,正面（With good health,we can.）,反面(Without good health,we can do nothing.We cant do.),第二段应当这样写：主题句（There are four ways to keep fit.）从几方面说明：Firstly,we should have our breakfast in the morning.Second,we should have a nap at noon.Third,sports exercis

8、es are necessary in the afternoon.And fourth,we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to the music.）为了使文章更具关于条理性，我们可以用first(ly),second(ly),third(ly)等副词，他们可以使文章的条理性十分突出。,作文是主观性题，要想得高分我们必须把评卷老师考虑进去。评卷老师的时间很短（每份卷子的作文只有一两分钟就要阅完），所以我们在列条条时最好不用：To begin with,.After that,.And then,.The

9、next,.The following,.At last.。因为用这样的词语不利于阅卷老师看出你作文的条理性。,第三段应当这样写：主题句（My own practices are the following.）具体情况（主语为第一人称代词I，与第二段呼应）In the morning,I have my breakfast.At noon,I have a nap.And in the afternoon,I always play football.In the evening,I usually listen to the classic music.综上所述，如果我们按以上几节的方法去做

10、，就可以保证及格以上分数。,4、十二句作文法。在作文的评分标准中字数也是一个要求。四、六级的作文要求是要写出120-150字。对于这样的要求考生不必怕写不够。我们知道，四、六级作文大都是三段式。我们算一下，如果我们在每一段中写上四句话，即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就可以了。这样全篇在十二句左右。每一句十多个词，这样就是120-150字。同时，我们也提醒大家，不能写得太多，写得多容易跑题。,写作时，我们要横向写作，即写某一问题的横段面。例如，上面讲到健康的重要性时，我们只写四句就可以了。第一句主题句，第二句从正面论述，第三句从反面论述，第四句为结论句。但有的同学在写的时候说“健康非常重要，

11、”然后就写“吃波莱非常重要”，因为波菜含有丰富的铁，铁对人是非常重要的，因为.。这样的作文的基本模式是A-B B-C C-D D-E以此类推。这就叫流水账，没有中心。,我们写作时要根据横段面去写，而不要写成流水账。避免写成流水账的方法是不要就前一句中的一个非重点词再进行描述。而要对主题句从横段面去写，写完一个横段面就不要再对这一横段面进行阐述了，应当去写别一个横段面。如果我们感觉字数不够，就在每一句或某些句子上添加些词词就行了。,例如我们感觉上边第二段不够长，就可以这样来加词：主题句There are four ways to keep fit.-There are four or more

12、ways to keep fit for everyone of us.从几方面说明：Firstly,we should have our breakfast in the morning.-Firstly,we should have our breakfast,such as milk,eggs,bread and so on,in the morning.Second,we should have a nap at noon.-Secondly,we should have a short nap,even 30 minutes,at noon.,Third,sports exercis

13、es are necessary in the afternoon.-Thirdly,sports exercises are necessary for everyone and we can do some sports exercises in the afternoon.And fourth,we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to music.-And fourthly,we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to b

14、oth popular and classic music.这样一来，我们只要保持本句的主题不变加添一些次要词就能达到字数的规定标准。,2构思.在草稿纸上写下所能想到的观点和关键词，然后认真筛选。3.选择合适的框架之后动笔行文 根据写作的体裁和类别,选择相应的模式.先构思一个大致框架，对各段内容的安排和过渡作一个设想。平时积累一定的套句及过渡连接词,并按不同框架选择适合自己的模板,考试时将已经构思好的观点和想法填入其中,略加润色,即可成为一篇好的习作.,考生使用适合自己的模板,不用为某一开篇、转折或结尾句式而冥思苦想，从而节省宝贵的时间。注意，在写作过程中，不要轻易改变立场或观点，应尽可能按已

15、经构思好的所例内容进行，如果你想到什么写什么，那么你的文章就会显得杂乱无章，缺乏连贯性。,4检查修改 检查修改尽可能不对文章做大的改动，不要随便增加观点或增减句子，主要从以下几方面着手：（1）单词拼写和句式表达是否正确。（2）字母大小写和标点符号是否正确。（3）主谓是否一致以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性如何。（4）指代使用是否准确。（5）动词形式，涉及时态、语态、语气等。,（6）避免词性混用，包括形容词与副词、名词与动词、形容词与动词等。（7）句式是否有变化。（8）每一段话是否都紧扣文章的主题，是否都得到了充分的展开。（9）文章是否连贯，是否使用了过渡性词语，句子之间和段落之间是否都具有逻辑

16、性和条理性。,边学边练以下各例中，a）表示错误的或不宜提倡的句子，b）表示正确的或值得模仿的句,1动词谓语的时态是否有错例 1 a)We college students had enough time to take a part time job,no matter how busy we were.,b)We college students have enough time to take a part time job,no matter how busy we are.命题作文一般都是议论文，而写议论文一般都是用现在时态。只有举例，提到过去的事才会用到过去时。例 2 a)Ridin

17、g bicycles had more advantages than taking a bus.,b)Riding bicycles has more advantages than taking a bus.考生中用过去时写作与他们教材课文体裁（大多为叙述文、说明文）和平时写作练习（大多写个人经历的故事）有关，也与他们过度概括有关，认为所有文章都用过去时。例 3 a)There are so many countries using English that it had been regarded as an international language.,b)There are so

18、many countries using English that it has been regarded as an international language.在论述同一事情，即发生在同一时间里的事时，前后半句或相邻的几句在时态上要保持一致。2主语和谓语，名词和代词，以及人称是否保持一致例 4 a)The eating habit of Chinese people have changed in the past decade.,b)The eating habit of Chinese people has changed in the past decade.不管主语和谓语隔开多

19、远，主语当中还有修饰成分，谓语要和真正的主语在数上保持一致。例 5a)Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season.,b)Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in season.例 6a)I feel proud to come to our university.,b)I feel proud to come to this university our和主语 I不一致，或把 our改成 my，或改成 this

20、。而这里用 this 较妥。3 修饰语是否放在正确的位置上例 7a)Without television,people cant get information which comes from other parts of the world immediately.,b）Without television,people cant immediately get information which comes from other parts of the world.a)句子，immediately 显然放错了位置。是“得到迅速从各地传来的消息”，还是“迅速得到从各地传来的消息”？意思含

21、糊不清。例8a)At the age of six,my father began to give me English lessons.,b)When I was five years old,my father began to give me English lessons.a)句子，At the age of six 放在这个位置上，变成了“我父亲六岁的时候”。改变说法，可以解决这个问题。4表示相同的意思，是否用了平行语法结构例 10a)With the computer,one can do shopping,banking and read at home.,b)With the

22、computer,one can do shopping,banking and reading at home.can do shopping,banking and read at home,用语法平行结构来衡量，用动词原形 read是不妥的，为了和 do shopping,do banking 保持结构上平行，接下来的一个内容要用do reading.例 11a)Nowadays,people not only eat enough food,but also eat better.,b)Nowadays,people not only eat more,but also eat bet

23、ter.用 not only.but also,both.and,whether.or,either.or,as well as,along with等能连接两个成分的连词，前后两个成分在结构上要保持一致。用 eat enough food,eat better不如用 eat more,eat better，都用副词。例 12a)Participating in sports is good for our physical health,and through it we can also train our character.,b)Participating in sports is g

24、ood for our physical health,and it is also beneficial to our character-training.在说同样的事时，相邻的句子尽可能在语法结构上保持一致。5用代词时，指代是否清楚例13a)Sometimes teachers will inform students of the heavy burden they have to bear.,b)Sometimes a teacher will inform students of the heavy burden he has to bear.they 即可指代teachers,也

25、可指代 students，明显的是指代不清。其实只要把其中一个名词变成单数，用he和 they分别代不同的名词，就清楚了。因为 a teacher也可泛指所有教师。例14a)Someone believes that the teachers task is to give students knowledge,which may not be true.,b)Someone believes that the teachers task is to give students knowledge,a notion which may not be true.which指代什么不清楚，指 kn

26、owledge，还是指前面整个句子？如果指 Someone believes，最好用 a notion或an idea归纳一下整个句子的意思，然后引出从句。例15a)People have been fighting against the influence of TV commercials,but it often proves useless.,b）People have been fighting against the influence of TV commercials,but the effort often proves useless.it 指什么？如指influence

27、，则在 it often proves useless 这个句子中显然不通。写作人知道it指人们的努力，但effort 这个词前面没有出现过，就不能用it。6 相邻的句子，是否避免了不必要的结构转变例16a)While we reduce the number of vehicles,the speed of traffic can be increased.,b)While the number of vehicles is reduced,the speed of traffic is increased.两个非常相关的意思，不要一个使用主动结构，一个使用被动结构。例17a)Each of

28、 us may take a part time job to help support ourselves,but if you spend too much time on it,your study will be affected.,b)Each of us may take a part time job to help support ourselves,but too much time spent on it,our studies will be affected.前半句用each of us和ourselves，后半句却用you和 your study，应一致起来。7可数名

29、词与不可数名词是否用得正确例18a)TV presents us with many useful informations.,b)TV presents us with a lot of useful information 还有evidence,advice,knowledge等都是不可数名词，都不能用复数。另外，many,a great number of,another,few 等只能与可数名词配用。而a great amount of,a great deal of,less,much,等应与不可数名词配用。例19a)Making our cities greener is not

30、an easy work.,b)Making our cities greener is not an easy job.work 用作可数名词是“作品”这类意思，而表示“工作”时，不可数。同样，在 Word has been sent out that those who cheat on exams will be punished.这个句子中，要用单数word表示“信息”。例20a）Each people has his own opportunities.,b)Each person has his own opportunities.people作“人民”、“人们”解时，是集体名词，

31、不能与each配用。a people或 peoples表示民族、国家。在正式语体中也不能说 less people，而应说 few people。8冠词是否用得正确例21a)Book knowledge is important,but we should also learn something in the society.,b)Book knowledge is important,but we should also learn something in society.用定冠词the,是特指意义，而这里没有这个特指意义。同样，在When I was in the high schoo

32、l,I always have a beautiful picture of the college life 中，两个the都应去掉。例22a)If there were no electric power,we would have to do everything by the hands.,b)If there were no electric power,we would have to do everything by hand.表示用手(by hand),走路(on foot),上课(in class),上学(go to school),住院(at hospitable)等，都不

33、用定冠词。例23a)If there were no electric power,factory would stop producing goods,car,bus and train would stop running.,b)If there were no electric power,factories would stop producing goods;cars,buses and trains would stop running.用可数名词时，要么前面有冠词（the,a,an)或代词(his,her,my),要么以复数形成出现。不能像中文名词那样没有语法变化。9句子的主谓宾

34、是否齐全。例24 a)TV now plays an important role in our daily life,Because we cannot live without it.,b)TV now plays an important role in our daily life，because we cannot live without it.中文用“因为”引出的句子可以独立，但英语不行，作为从句，只能附属主句。例25a)There are many ways to contact with society.For example,join in clubs,taking par

35、t time jobs and helping the poor.,b)There are many ways to contact with society,for example,joining clubs,taking part time jobs and helping the poor.for example 引出的应是句子，如 For example we may join clubs,take part-time jobs and help the poor。有时也可不自立为句，跟在一个句子后面，借用主语。例26a)If no electricity,all activities

36、 such as watching TV and seeing movies will be impossible.,b)If there is no electricity,all activities such as watching TV and seeing movies will be impossible.if no electricity（如果没有电），但句中的no不是动词，也就是说这个从句缺了谓语。10过渡词是否用得合适例27a)Because some college graduates could not find a better job,so they decided

37、to continue to read for a second degree.,b)As come college graduates could not find a better job,they decided to continue to read for a second degree.汉语可以说 因为.所以,但英语不能连用because.so.例28a)Although an opportunity is rare,but we must be ready to seize it.,b)Although an opportunity is rare,we must be read

38、y to seize it.同样，汉语可以说“虽然.但”，而英语要么用although,要么用 but,两者不能同时用。11词语的搭配是否正确例29a)We students should learn/study as much knowledge as possible.,b)We students should acquire/obtain as much knowledge as possible.“学习知识”是考生作文中经常要表达的，但不少人用错。英语中能和knowledge 搭配的是obtain,acquire,gain等。例30a)With a rise in the number

39、 of cars and buses,traffic in Shanghai has become more and more crowded.,b)With a rise in the number of cars and buses,traffic in Shanghai has become increasingly heavier.traffic不和 crowded搭配，说“交通拥挤繁忙”，应说 traffic is heavy/busy.如同中文里的“速度快”，英语不说 The speed of cars is quick.而是说The speed of cars is high/f

40、antastic.或cars are much faster.例31a)People begin to eat more vice food.,b)People begin to eat more non-staple foodstuff.副总统是vice presidents,副食品应是 non-staple foodstuff,而副经理、副教授、副作用分别是 assistant managers,associate professors,side effects，搭配不同。12词语是否用得得当 例32a)Actually,traffic jams have effected our dai

41、ly life.,b)Actually,traffic jams have affected our daily life.表示“不良影响”，动词用affect,而不是effect。例33a)When old problems are solved,new problems will rise.,b)When old problems are solved,new problems will arise.rise 是“起来”、“上升”的意思，arise 才是“出现”的意思。例34a)There are many factors leading to changes in peoples die

42、t.At first,people can afford expensive food.,b)There are many factors leading to changes in peoples diet.First,people can afford expensive food.At first 是“起先”的意思，暗示后来情况完全两样。表示“首先”，要用first。就如 highly 和 high 是两个同的意思，前者是作“非常”解，后者是“高”的意思。Women have risen high in social status.不能用 highly。13是否重复使用了表示意思的词语例

43、35a)In my opinion,I believe the present educational system is in need of reform.,b)In my opinion,the present education system is in need of reform.I believe 的意思已包括在In my opinion 里了，用一个就可以了。例36a)The reason why people choose to live in the country is because there is no pollution nor noise there.,b)Th

44、e reason why people choose to live in the country is that there is neither pollution nor noise there.reason,why,because 都是指同一意思。至少要去掉一个。例37a)People try to find a solution to solve the problem.,b)People try to find a solution to the problem.14 介词是否用得正确例38a)After four years,we all graduated from colle

45、ge and entered society.,b)Four years later,we all graduated from college and entered society.用过去时时，表示四年以后，应用four years later，而不是 after four years。用于表示将来的四年后，也不用after，而是用介词 in，如“We will all graduate in four years”。例39a)Many college students have a strong desire to be independent on their parents.,b)M

46、any college students have a strong desire to be independent of their parents.“依靠”的意思是用dependent on，但“不依赖、独立”却要用 independent of。15词性是否用得正确例40a)The computer like TV,it has both advantages and disadvantages.,b)Like TV,the computer has both advantages and disadvantages.表示“像”，like是一个介词，这里误作了动词。例41a)Obvio

47、usly,our country would stop develop if no electricity.,b)Obviously,our country would stop developing if there were no electricity.这里，develop 应该用动名词developing，而且 no不是动词，说“没有”，应当用 there is not(no)或have(has)not例42a)Riding bicycles conveniences my work.,b)Riding bicycles is convenient to my work.conveni

48、ence 不是动词。表示“方便”，可用be convenient to的结构。16句子是否有明确的主语例43a)Unlike the movie,TV shows on continuously,and doesnt need to pay extra money.,b)Unlike the movie,TV shows on continuously,and one doesnt need to pay extra money.doesnt need to pay an extra money 的主语是什么？显然不是TV。汉语可以说：电视可以一直看下去，无需再花什么钱。把主语省去，但英语一定

49、要有明确的主语。例44a)Too easy or too difficult is no good for us.,b)The books which are too easy or too difficult are no good for us.Too easy or too difficult是形容词短语，不能作主语，尽管汉语可以说“太容易或太难对我们都不利”。因此，加上The books which are，主语就有了。例45a)Reading books can acquire knowledge.,b)Through reading one can acquire knowledg

50、e.看上去句子有了主语：Reading books，但这是假主语，因为acquire knowledge 的主语需是人。汉语的主语和谓语的关系可以是主题和评论的关系，可以说读书能获得知识。但英语不行，一定要有逻辑主谓关系。17一个句子是否确保只有一个动词例46a)People think go to the movie will cost a lot of money.,b)People think that going to the movie will cost them a lot of money.汉语一个句子里可以集结几个动词，形成连动结构：“到那里去看电影”或兼语结构“叫我去看电影