《代词的翻译》PPT课件.ppt
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1、Lecture Four Translation of Pronoun,代词是用来代替名词、名词词组甚至整个句子的词。英语的代词有9类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词、连接代词。为了清楚地表达代词本身的意义以及所代替的词、词组或句子的意义,翻译时,首先要辨明代词所代替的先行词,以便正确地理解原文;其次要在译文中采用适当的翻译方法给以明确的表达,避免引起歧义。,Section 1 General Methods of Pronoun Translation,1.Literal Translation即直接翻译出代词本身的意思,此法常用于人称代词的翻
2、译。如:They are regarded as electrons moving backward in time.它们被认为是逆着时间而运动的负电子。,Practice 1,1.In this cell the light incident on the sensitive surface of the cell causes the photoelectric emission of electrons from the surface,and these electrons are attracted to the other electrode.2.The owl can hear
3、a mouse chewing and fly down on it,even though it is hidden from sight under a pile of leaves.3.This might be compared with the mumble of wavelengths of sound that go to make up ordinary noise.参考译文:1、在这种电池中,照在电池光敏表面的光引起表面光电效应而发射电子,而这些电子吸引到另一电极。2、即使老鼠躲藏在一堆叶子下面看不见的地方,猫头鹰也能听见老鼠咀嚼的声音而飞下来袭击它。3、这可以与杂乱的声波相
4、比,一般的噪声就是由这种杂乱的声波组成的。,光敏表面,光电效应:指由光引起的不断增强的传导,2.Resumed to the substitute nouns or noun phrases,即还原,就是把代词所代替的名词、名词词组的意思翻译出来。如:This ducted air amplifies the mass of hot exhaust gases,and thus serves to augment the thrust derived from them.导入的空气会增大热废气的质量,从而有助于增大由废气所获得的推力。If the bearings were not lubri
5、cated,they would rapidly overheat.假如轴承未添加润滑油的话,轴承很快就过热了。The construction of the diesel engine is quite similar to that of the gasoline engine.柴油机的构造与汽油机的构造十分相似。,Practice 2,1.Drawing electrons away from the atom causes it to have a net positive electric charge.从原子里释放掉一些电子使得原子完全带上正电。2.Each crystal sho
6、uld have a shape as much like that of the other crystals as possible.每一结晶的性状应与其他结晶的性状尽可能相似。,3.Interchange,即将英语原文句子中的名词(先行词)与代替该名词的代词,在翻译时进行相互换位。具体的做法就是将代词译为该名词,将名词译为代词,使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯。这种译法多用于翻译英语中的偏正复合结构的句子。如:Once it is combined,nitrogen is not chemically inert any longer.氮气一经化合,在化学性质上它就变得活泼了。Almost a
7、ll constant-speed machines may be driven by a.c.squirrel-cage motors because these motors are made with a variety of speed and torque characteristics.因为鼠笼式电动机具有多种速度和转矩特性,几乎所有的恒速机器均可由这类电动机驱动。,Practice 3,1.Every element retains its identity no matter how it is finely divided.每种元素无论分得怎样细小,它仍保持其特征。2.Ast
8、ronomers can estimate the size and brightness of a star by its color.天文学家根据恒星的颜色可以估计它的大小和亮度。,4.Amplification,此处增译通常是在译文的句首(有时在句中)增译“人们”、“有人”、“它们”、“我们”等泛指代词,这完全是为了遵循汉语的表达习惯。代词的增译在英语被动句中常见一些,但在翻译主动句时,为了行文的流畅,也可以增译代词。如:,Practice 4,1、人们已经提出了很多方法,未来可能的选择之一就是熔融还原法。2、我们能够由已知的强度反过来求出所用的安全系数。3、它们每一颗都是由硅酸盐外壳包
9、围着金属内核的固态球体。,5.Conversion,即将英文原文句中的代词在汉译时翻译成其它词性的词,如转译成名词或副词,以使译文流畅,更符合汉语的表达吸光。如:What a motor does is to change electrical energy into mechanical driving power.电动机所起的作用就是把电能转变成机械能。(连接代词what转译为名词)All who have studied this question have come to the same conclusion.研究了这一问题的人都得出了同样的结论。(不定代词all转译成副词),Pra
10、ctice 5,1.In this chapter our task is to find out what the air is made of.2.Today we have a fairly clear idea of what goes on inside of atom.3.Practically all of the heat energy received by the earth comes from the sun.参考译文:1、在这一章中,我们的任务就是弄清楚空气的构成成份。2、现在我们对原子内部的情况已相当清楚。3、地球所得的热能几乎都来自太阳。,6.Omission,省
11、译代词的原则就是既要符合汉语的表达习惯,又不能影响译文的准确性。英语中代词的使用较为频繁,翻译成汉语时,不需要全部译出。能够省译的代词有:人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、物主代词和不定代词等。如:You cannot change the shape of a solid by putting it into a container.将固体置于容器里的方法不能改变固体的形状。,Section 2 Translation of Personal Pronoun,I.Translation of the first and second person pronouns1.Literal Transl
12、ation2.OmissionPractice 11、根据你要的最佳输出效果,你可以决定使用何种分辨率和压缩到何种程度。2、我们将尽一切努力来改善电力供应。3、只要知道物体的质量和体积,就可求出物体的密度。4、必须特别注意避免用功率单位来表示能量。,II.Translation of the third person pronoun,1.Literal translation2.Resumed to the substituted words3.interchange4.omission注意:在科技英语中有些句子从语法的角度使用了第三人称的复数形式they,但实际并不强调其复数概念,这时常常将
13、复数代词they译为单数“它”。,Practice 2,1、它可能要求像常量分析中那样采用较大的样品。(直译)2、如果一个原子有三个质子,这个原子必然有三个电子,使其呈电中性。(还原),III.Translation of Adjective Possessive Pronoun,1.Literal Translation.E.g.The temperatures of its parts change until the whole rod is at 45.它的各个部件温度会变化,一直持续到整个棒都达到45。Practice 11.The density of anything is it
14、s mass per unit volume.2.Each substance shows an individual structure of its own.3.One of the drawbacks of the early lasers was their inability to operate continuously.参考译文:1、任何物体的密度都是它的每单位体积的质量。2、每一种物质都显示出它自己的独特结构。3、早期激光器的缺点之一就是它们不能连续地工作。,The species that live on our Earth form its natural environm
15、ent,and in their diversity they maintain an intricate balance with the Earth and with each other.生存在我们地球上的物种形成了地球的自然环境,它们以其多样性保持着与地球的平衡和相互间的平衡。In our opinion these techniques will be of greater value in cryogenic switching circuits.我们认为这种工艺对低温开关电路有较大价值。Black holes show us a world which operates in a
16、 totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.黑洞向我们展示出一个运动规律与我们这个世界完全不同的世界,它使我们对关于空间和时间的最基本的经验产生怀疑。Practice 21、在他们车间,无人能理解计算机是怎样使用其电子管的。2、晶体管优于真空管,因为它尺寸小,重量轻。3、变压器不能称为机器,因为它没有转动的部件。,2.Omitting the possessive form of the pronoun/converted into their
17、 nominative personal pronoun;e.g.,3.Omission,Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build its cell wall.青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。Stamp wires and cables at intervals of not more than 3 inches along their entire lengths.沿电线及电缆的全线上,至少每隔三英寸打印一个记号。Practice 31.According to their ability to conduct electr
18、ic current,all materials may be classified into three major categories:conductors,semiconductors and insulators.2.You shouldnt have touched the wire with your wet hands.参考译文:1、根据导电的性能不同,所有的材料可分为三大类:导体、半导体和绝缘体。2、你不该用湿手触摸导线。,IV.Translation of its and their,1、译为汉语的“其”。如:Each type of motor has its parti
19、cular field of usefulness.每种型号的电动机都有其特定的适用范围。2、还原成所代替的名词。如:Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wavelength is much greater.无线电波与光波相似,但无线电波的波长要长得多。3、与所替代的名词进行位置互换。It is possible to differentiate these reactions owing to their difference in intensity.因为反应的强度不同,所以要把它们区分开来是完全可能的。4、转译
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