Unit7西方文化导论.ppt
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1、U7_main,Get Started,Text Study,Supplementary Resources,Unit 7,Culture During the Enlightenment,Get Started_ main,Get Started,Get Started,1.A General Introduction,2.Focus In,Get Started_1.1,Get Started,Get Started_1.2,Get Started,The Enlightenment,a period in European history,occurred during the 18th
2、 century.This period is also known as the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment was a time of awakening of political,social,and economic thought.The ideas of the Enlightenment originated in France and eventually spread throughout much of Europe and into the North American colonies of Britain.These ideas h
3、elped lay the philosophical foundations for the American and French revolutions.The Enlightenment developed out of the works of 17th-century thinkers such as Isaac Newton,Ren Descartes,and John Locke.A belief in the supremacy of reason was the chief,Get Started_1.3,Get Started,characteristic of the
4、Enlightenment.Thinkers of the Enlightenment believed that through the use of reason,people could learn humanitys true nature and use this knowledge to establish a perfect society.Another hallmark of the Enlightenment was an enduring belief in the scientific method,rationalism,and the existence of un
5、changeable natural laws.Many of the writings of the Enlightenment challenged the accepted political ideas and religious beliefs of the time,including the concept that monarchs receive their right to rule directly from God.,Get Started_1.4,Get Started,The foremost figures in the Enlightenment were a
6、group of French thinkers known as philosophers.The preeminent member of this group was the writer,historian,and poet Voltaire.He emerged as the Enlightenments chief critic of contemporary culture and religion.Another important member of this group was Jean Jacques Rousseau,whose writings greatly inf
7、luenced the political thinking of the time.Also influential were the writings of Charles,Baron de Montesquieu,who challenged the idea of rule by a monarch and championed individual freedom.The philosopher Denis Diderot,in collaboration with Jean DAlembert,planned and edited a multivolume encyclopedi
8、a designed to include all realms of knowledge.Many of the entries were written by other philosophies.,Get Started_1.5,Get Started,It was under such political,economic and intellectual circumstances that the Enlightenment began to be seen in France as an unprecedentedly intellectual and cultural move
9、ment.Its influence was to be perceived later in the French Revolution,the American War of Independence,and even in Chinas May 4th Movement of New Culture in the early years of the 20th century.,Get Started_2.1,Get Started,To get a brief view of the social and theological background of the Enlightenm
10、entTo get to know major representative figures of the Enlightenment and their ideasTo understand the features of the Enlightenment and its significance,Text Study _main,Text Study,Text Study,I.Background,II.Empiricist Influences from Britain,III.Representative Figures of the Enlightenment and Their
11、Ideas,IV.Literature during the Enlightenment,V.A Reflection on the Enlightenment and Its Significance,The Enlightenment is generally agreed to have originated in France.It was due to the fact that France met with a period of decline after its national prosperity during the reign of Louis XIV,which w
12、as demonstrated by the sharpening class clashes and social crises resulting from the deteriorating political and economic conditions.Internationally,France also suffered a series of setbacks in its competition with other European powers,such as Britain when the latter was marching steadily on its wa
13、y towards a dominating position following the Glorious Revolution in 1688.The situation was worsened by Frances fiscal deficits and economic difficulties,caused by heavy,Text Study _I_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,heavy taxation and frequent
14、famines,which made peasants and poor citizens rise up in revolt against the royal government.During Louis XVs reign,France witnessed violent resistance by the poor to cruel exploitation and oppression and successive defeats in the wars with Austria,Russia and Prussia in the middle of the 18th centur
15、y.These wars cost France the loss of most of her colonies in Asia and North America.In addition there was her failure at sea resulting to the British domination and loss of her traditional naval advantage.,Text Study _I_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,In this critical situation,there was no oth
16、er choice but a political reform.As the whole situation worsened,the majority of the French population,peasants and the impoverished city dwellers in particular,suffered bitterly from the economic deterioration,political instability,social chaos and cultural retrogression and hence responded unhesit
17、atingly to the bourgeoisie who strongly demanded that the decline be curbed and reforms be carried out.Under such circumstances,some progressive intellectuals began to think seriously and tried to find a way out through social and political reformation.,Meanwhile,the dissemination of scientific know
18、ledge was under way with the development of capitalist production,whose influence began to motivate and evoke a breath of enlightenment and theoretical guidance across the European continent,including the British empiricism,which was picked up by Voltaire and his contemporaries and helped to ease th
19、e French intellectual tension.Since the Renaissance the intellectual climate in France had greatly improved.Many of the people were better educated and more knowledgeable about science.They had had,Text Study _I_1.4,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.5,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,
20、become more aware of the practical significance of science and technology,and this altered their traditional views of daily life as well as their cultural and social affairs.The results of the scientific research of Copernicus,Galileo and Newton were passed on quickly through access to books,newspap
21、ers and journals resulting from the invention of printing.This greatly informed and affected the public whose cultural taste and political viewpoints were thus modified to the new intellectual climate.Gradually they gave up their religious and metaphysical modes of reasoning and adopted a new outloo
22、k with a more progressive and scientific basis.,Text Study _I_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Prussia 普鲁士:A German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg.Prussia shaped the history of Germ
23、any,with its capital in Berlin after 1451.After 1871,Prussia was increasingly merged into Germany,losing its distinctive identity.It was effectively abolished in 1932,and officially abolished in 1947.Prussia achieved its greatest importance in the 18th and 19th centuries.During the 18th century,it b
24、ecame a great European power under the reign of Frederick the Great(17401786).During the 19th century,Chancellor Otto von Bismarck united the German principalities into a“Lesser Germany”which would exclude the Austrian Empire.,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretat
25、ion of Cultural Terms,Text Study _I_2.3,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,The British Glorious Revolution 光荣革命:Also called the Revolution of 1688 or the Bloodless Revolution,it was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentar
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