Unit5西方文化导论.ppt

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1、U5_main,Get Started,Text Study,Supplementary Resources,Unit 5,The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture,Get Started_ main,Get Started,Get Started,1.A General Introduction,2.Focus In,Get Started_1.1,Get Started,Get Started_1.2,Get Started,After the last Roman emperor was dethroned by the German mercenary

2、troops in the 5th century,Europe entered the Middle Ages,which lasted about 1000 years or so and was dominated by Germanic people whom the Romans had called“the savage”.Consequently,the intellectual development of the European civilization was retarded or even regressed to some extent because of the

3、se so-called Dark Ages.It was also a period of some negative and repressive influence from the Roman Catholic Church.This period was characterized by frequent economic and political crises and greatly affected by deep-seated social contradictions and conflicts,which were first demonstrated in the di

4、stress and disasters of the ordinary people and then in the frequently occurring revolts and clashes arising from the cruelty of tyrannical rulers and their unrestrained demands for more power and territory.,Get Started_1.3,Get Started,However,the intellectual decline and retarded social development

5、 of the Middle Ages also brought forward some notable personal ties,events and achievements in cultural and social affairs.They made up for a long and tortuous interval before the dawn of the modern age,which was marked by the arrival of the Renaissance in the 14th-15th centuries.,Get Started_2.1,Ge

6、t Started,To get a brief view of the history of the period of the Middle AgesTo get to know the formation and development of German culture and Byzantine cultureTo be familiar with Medieval social ideology and literary and artistic achievementsTo understand the significance and special features of M

7、edieval culture and politics,Text Study _main,Text Study,Text Study,I.The Setting of the Middle Ages,II.The Formation and Development of German Culture,III.Byzantine Culture,IV.Medieval Social Ideology,V.Literature and Art,VI.The Significance and Special Features of Medieval Culture and Politics,Tex

8、t Study _I_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,The Middle Ages:a period in European history from the collapse of the Roman Civilization in the 5th century AD to the period of the Renaissance in the 14th century,Text Study _I_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Formation stages:At the end of the Ro

9、man Empire,some barbarous tribes including Celts,Germans and Slavs were formed.At the end of the 1st century AD,the Germans were still in a primitive society.From the end of the 1st century to the 3rd century,Germans introduced class division,and untied their tribes into alliances and often harassed

10、 and staged attacks on the Roman borders.Later they moved into Roman territory till the end of the 6th century.A number of small kingdoms were established in Roman territories.,Text Study _I_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,With the overthrow of the Western Roman Empire,a series of kingdoms were

11、 set up.Among these kingdoms,the largest was the one founded in 481 AD by Clovis who conquered Gaul and initiated a cooperatively large nation called the Merovingian Dynasty.Gradually it became the most powerful German kingdom.In 752,The Merovingian Dynasty was toppled and the Carolingian Dynasty fo

12、unded.In 800,Leo III endowed the crown with the title of Holy Roman Emperor to Charlemagne,and the Frank Kingdom became the Charlemagne Empire.,Text Study _I_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,During the reign of Charlemagne the Great,the conflict between the feudalist plantation owners and serfs

13、deepened.And social disintegration occurred after the expansion of the empire,especially after the death of Charlemagne.A civil war took place among three grandsons of Charlemagne from 817 to 843.They concluded the civil war by signing the Treaty of Verdun and divided the empire into three parts:the

14、 Eastern Frank Kingdom(later developed into Germany),the West Frank Kingdom(later developed into France),and Middle Kingdom(later made up of Italy).The borderline of the three modern European countries were beginning to take shape.,Text Study _I_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interp

15、retation of Cultural Terms,Roman Catholic Church 罗马天主教:the part of the Christian Church which accepts the authority of Pope,in distinction to the Orthodox Eastern Church separated from it in 1054 and to the Protestant Church which broke away in the 16th century,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpret

16、ation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,serfdom 奴隶制:a social system of production in which labourers are bound to work for an estate,rather than being owned by the lord of that estate and could choose to work elsewhere though few would do so in reality,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,I

17、nterpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Tacitus,Publius Cornelius(55120AD)塔西佗:A Roman historian.His works include Dialogue on Orator,Germania and two fragments of longer works:Histories and Annals.His style is extremely terse and polished,which earned him much reputation in

18、the later generations.,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Celt 凯尔特人:One of the ancient peoples in Europe,originated in the southwest of Germany and then spread to the north of Spain and the British isles.Later on they were conquered and abs

19、orbed by Romans and barbarians.Some of its descendents and culture were still found in Britain,Ireland,Spain and France.,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Attila 阿提拉:king of Huns,famous for his bravery and militancy,which allowed him to ov

20、errun much of the Byzantine and Western Roman empires and won many victories until he died of illness before his empire collapsed,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Gaul 高尔人:The Roman province of Gallia,divided into two regions:Cisalpine Ga

21、ul in Northern Italy and Transalpine Gaul.The area now comprising France,Switzerland,Belgium and the Netherlands.The former was conquered by the Romans in 222 while the latter was ravaged by Visigoths before it was finally conquered by Clovis and merged into the Frankish kingdom.,Text Study _I_2.2,T

22、ext Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,mayor of the palace 宫相:the chief minister of the Frankish kings,who seized more and more power from the kings during the later years of the Merovingian Kingdom until the eventual usurpation of the throne and the establishmen

23、t of the Carolingian Dynasty,Text Study _I_3.1,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,(1)After the last Roman emperor was overthrown by the German mercenary troops,the European civilization moved into _.,A.the modern eraB.the Middle Ages C.the new period D.the Renaissance,Comprehension

24、Exercises,A.French B.Italians C.Slavs D.Tartars,Text Study _I_3.2,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,(2)The barbarous tribes included Celts,Germans and _.,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,A.the elder leaderB.the military chief C.the wise manD.the nobleman,Text Study _I_3.3,Text Study,Compreh

25、ension Exercises,(3)The northern tribes were mostly ruled by_.,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,A.seizing territories B.staging wars C.collecting treasures D.inter-marriage,Text Study _I_3.4,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,(4)The Carolingian Dynasty was expanded by_.,Comprehension Exercis

26、es,Multiple choice.,A.ministers B.generals C.general assemblyD.deputies,Text Study _I_3.5,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,(5)Charlemagne offered his reign through the court which worked for the emperor in the guise of the people as symbolized by _.,Comprehension Exercises,Multiple choice.,Text St

27、udy _I_4.1,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Which part of the European history is called the Middle Ages?And tell briefly about the formation of the period.,Please see Main Ideas of Part I:The Setting of the Middle Ages.,Think and Discuss,Text Study _I_pop1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I

28、_pop2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_pop3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_pop4,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,The Carolingian Culture The Carolingian culture,developed under the influence of the Christian Church,was more backwa

29、rd than its contemporary cultures of Byzantium,Arabia,India and China.Apart from the less-developed economy and culture of the Germans,years of wars,political and social instability also contributed to the cultural inferiority.Only priests and monks received education.And the language used in teachi

30、ng was Latin and the seven subjects.Ancient manuscripts were gathered and copied,which have been kept till this day.In arts,the building of palaces also encouraged the development of painting and carving and other art forms.In all,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Carolin

31、gian literature,education and culture in general advanced through borrowing from late Roman and contemporary Byzantine models and techniques.,The Myths of Scandinavians and Germans The ancient German and Norse peoples had made a systematic record of their divinities and religious beliefs.The basis o

32、f their northern religion came from a book called Edda,which was divided into Elder Edda and Younger Edda.Edda tells a story of the formation of the world and legends of gods and spirits.Modern English names of the weekdays are mostly derived from the names of northern gods.,Text Study _2_1.3,Text S

33、tudy,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,The Charlemagne Legends One part of the legend is about how Charlemagne supported the activities of the Christian Church

34、,helping Pope Leo III to defeat the Roman aristocrats and recover the papal sovereignty.Another part is about how Charlemagne defeated one branch of German-Saxons after their attack,thus consolidating his rule and expanding his borders.,Text Study _2_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,I

35、nterpretation of Cultural Terms,Aachen 亚琛:It was historically a spa town,and a favoured residence of Charlemagne,and the place of coronation of the Kings of Germany.Geographically,Aachen is the westernmost town of Germany,located along its borders with Belgium and the Netherlands.Aachen Cathedral wa

36、s erected on the orders of,Charlemagne in 786 AD and was on completion the largest cathedral north of the Alps.On his death Charlemagnes remains were interred in the cathedral and can be seen there to this day.The cathedral was extended several times in later ages,which turned it into a curious and

37、unique mixture of building styles.,Text Study _2_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Roland 罗兰:It was a popular legendary figure in medieval Europe.Over the next several centuries,Roland became a“pop icon”in medieval minstrel culture.According to many leg

38、ends,he was a nephew of Charlemagne(whether or not this was true is unknown),and turned his life into an epic tale of the noble Christian killed by Islamic forces,which forms part of the medieval Matter of France.,(1)Carolingian culture was featured with Christianity because of the latters strong in

39、fluence on the barbarous tribes.(2)Edda is a collection of Germanic myths which provides the prototypes for later tales of European nations.(3)All the English names of the weekdays derive from the Northern gods.(4)The legends in Charlemagnes life and deeds were frequently referenced by many poets of

40、 the Renaissance and later periods.(5)In the German and Norse mythology,the gods are not perfect.They represent different forces of the God,struggling against the primeval giants.,Text Study _2_3.1,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,True or false questions.,Comprehension Exercises,F,_,F,_,T,_,T,_,T,

41、_,Text Study _2_4.1,Text Study,Think and Discuss,(1)Tell briefly the measures Charlemagne the Great took to improve the cultural conditions of his empire and the results of these measures.,The measures Charlemagne took included care for education and academic studies by asking the church to run scho

42、ols and inviting famous scholars to lecture at the royal court,the collection and recovering of classical books by copying books borrowed from elsewhere,the reestablishment of cultural customs and ethical norms,and founding of magnificent buildings by pulling down the old buildings in Rome and other

43、 historical cities and transporting their materials to the emperors capital.,Think and Discuss,Text Study _2_4.2,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Therefore literacy was greatly improved and enhanced among the average,especially among the younger people,who would be chosen to serve the empire.More and mo

44、re attention was paid to cultural affairs and moral values with the obvious signs of social progress and cultural prosperity.The cities became beautiful with the increasing numbers of grand buildings put up of Roman type.In a way,cultural revival of the empire was basically launched and modeled on R

45、oman or classical pattern and thus ensured continuity and consistence of Western culture and civilization in spite of the change of political regimes.,Think and Discuss,Text Study _2_1.1_pop1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1_pop2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1_p

46、op3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1_pop3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1_pop3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _2_1.1_pop3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_1,Main Ideas,Text Study,(1)Cultural Achievements Byzantine culture achieved remar

47、kable progress by combining the cultural essence of Greece and Rome with the Eastern culture in its unique way.The foremost cultural accomplishment of the Eastern Church was the founding of the University of Constantinople whose head,Leo,and his successors turned it into a successful institute of le

48、arning in literary and religious subjects.,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_2,Main Ideas,Text Study,Literature:Epic of Digenes Akritas Philosophy:The founding of Neo-Platonism,which was a synthetic result of combining Stoicism,Pythagoreanism,Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy with Eastern mysticism.It foc

49、used on the power of spirit and asserted,man could join God in His actions.It is a result of linking Greek philosophy and the Eastern mysticism.The principal books of this period included Tours among the Oriental Countries,The History of the Justinian War,and The Secret History.,Main Ideas,Text Stud

50、y _3_3,Main Ideas,Text Study,Architecture:characteristic of both the classical ages and the Eastern countries.The Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople was a representation of the Byzantine architectural and artistic style.,Main Ideas,Text Study _3_ DVD_Sophia Cathedral,Main Ideas,Text Study,Main Ideas