Oscar Wilde 英文.ppt

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1、Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),Life,He was born in Dublin in1854,studied classics at Trinity College（三圣学院），and then went to Oxford University,where he distinguished himself as a classical scholar and poet.His Father was Irelands leading eye and ear surgeon and his mother was a poet and author.,Oscar Wilde,O

2、scar Wilde,He was one of the most successful playwrights of late Victorian London and one of the greatest celebrities（名人）of his days.He suffered a dramatic downfall and was imprisoned（入狱）after been convicted of“gross indecency（严重猥亵罪）”for homosexual acts.He died in Paris in 1900.,Only Connect.New Dir

3、ections,Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas in the 1890s,Lord Alfred Douglas his same-sex partner,http:/,Date:probably 1892,Place:Oxford Date:summer 1893,Place:Oxford Date:summer 1893,Photographs of Oscar Wilde&Lord Alfred Douglas,Taboo Love,Homosexuality,I am true Love,I fill the hearts of boy and

4、girl with mutual flame.Then sighing,said the other,Have thy will,I am the love that dare not speak its name.excerpted from Tow Loves Lord Alfred Douglas(1894),Lady Jane Francesca Wilde(Jane Elgee,1821-1896),On May 29 in 1884,got married Place：Constance 康士坦茨湖 They had two sons,Cyril(1885)and Vyvyan(1

5、886).The photo shows Wildes wifeand his son Cyril in 1889.,Oscar Wilde adopted the esthetical ideal:he affirmed“my life is like a work of art”.His estheticism clashed with（与冲突）the didacticism启蒙主义 of Victorian novels.,Wildes estheticism唯美主义,Oscar Wilde,Only Connect.New Directions,A contemporary editi

6、on of The Picture of Dorian Gray.,Estheticism,Devoted to a school of thought and a mode of sensibility known as estheticism,Wilde believed that art possesses an intrinsic（内在的）valuethat it is beautiful and therefore has worth and doesnt need to serve any other purpose,be it moral or political.The pur

7、pose of art was to guide life,and to do this,it must concern itself only with the pursuit of beauty.,Estheticism,Estheticism is a Victorian literary movement that began in the late 19th century.Followers of the movement believed that art should not be mixed with social,political,or moral teaching.Wa

8、lter Paters statement“the love of art for its own sake”is a good summary of estheticism.The movement had its roots in France,but it gained widespread importance in England in the last half of the 19th century,where it helped change the Victorian practice of including moral lessons in literature.Osca

9、r Wilde is one of the best-known esthetes of the late nineteenth century.,Estheticism,This attitude was revolutionary in Victorian England,where popular belief held that art was not only a function of morality but also a means of enforcing it.In the preface（前言）to The Picture of Dorian Gray,Wilde als

10、o cautioned readers against finding meanings“beneath the surface”of art.“All art is quite useless.”“Diversity（多样性）of opinion about a work of art shows that the work is new,complex,and vital.”,Estheticism,Wilde believed that the artist should hold forth higher ideals(The artist=the creator of beautif

11、ul things),and that pleasure and beauty would replace utilitarian(功利的)ethics（道德标准）.,Poetry:Poems,1891The Ballad（民谣）of Reading Gaol,1898Fairy tales:The Happy Prince and other Tales,1888 The House of Pomegranates（石榴）,1891 Novel:The Picture of Dorian Gray,1891Plays:Lady Windermeres Fan,1892A Woman of n

12、o Importance,1893The Importance of Being Earnest,1895Salom,（莎乐美）1893,Works,Oscar Wilde,Only Connect.New Directions,1890 first appeared in a magazine.1891 revised and extended.It reflects Oscar Wildes personality.It was considered immoral by the Victorian public.,The picture of Dorian Gray,Oscar Wild

13、e,Only Connect.New Directions,A scene from Oliver Parkers Dorian Gray(2009).,The Picture of Dorian Gray(1890)Directed byAlbert Lewin(1945),A temptation is placed before Dorian:a potential ageless（永恒的）beauty.Lord Henrys cynical见利忘义 attitude is in keeping with the devils role in Dr Faust.Lord Henry ac

14、ts as the“Devil advocate”.The picture stands for the dark side of Dorians personality.,Dorian Gray:a modern version of Dr.Faust,Oscar Wilde,Only Connect.New Directions,Mephistopheles appearing before Faust in the 1865 edition of Faust by Johann Wolfgang Goethe.,浮士德Faust(1926)-剧情梗概：影片改变自歌德的诗剧浮士德的第一部分

15、，是关于浮士德和少女玛甘蕾的故事。天使和魔鬼打了一个赌，倘若他能俘获浮士德的灵魂上帝就奖世界让给他，魔鬼给城市带来了瘟疫，浮士德想找出解药却找不到，他只能眼睁睁看着他，魔鬼和浮士德订立契约，魔鬼以仆人身份出现，带着浮士德开始新的人生。条件是浮士德一旦感到了满足，灵魂便归魔鬼所有。魔鬼在浮士德看见了肉欲狂欢的世界，并设计让少女爱上了浮士德。而不由自主爱上浮士德的少女去求助马歇姨妈，他们相爱了。马歇姨妈却因为喝了魔鬼调制的酒变得神经兮兮。少女为了和浮士德幽会给母亲服了过量安眠药，致使老人死去。而魔鬼挑唆少女哥哥瓦伦丁和浮士德争斗，瓦伦丁死于浮士德剑下。少女成了镇子的罪人，冬天，她生下了自己的孩子，

16、孩子得不到救助在雪中悲惨地死去。她被人当成了杀人犯被判火刑，浮士德得知后赶回小镇，冲上火刑台，和少女一同赴死。感动了上帝也战胜了魔鬼。返回页顶打从一开始便透过白天神与黑魔鬼的打赌，去确立正与邪不灭的抗衡，而赌注是智者浮士德的灵魂。耳熟能详的德意志传统故事，经他一手调弄，有意外惊人的效果。浮士德寻求解脱民间瘟疫的灵药不果，一气之下出卖灵魂予魔鬼，结果终生与罪孽纠缠。返回页顶德国鬼才导演茂瑙的传世杰作，根据歌德经典长诗浮士德改编，讲上帝和魔鬼打赌，看能否改变一个名叫浮士德的老年科学家的命运。于是詹宁斯扮演的靡菲斯托便跟浮士德提出交换条件，用他的灵魂换取永久的青春、快乐和权力。,Every exce

17、ss越轨行为 must be punished and reality cannot be escaped.When Dorian destroys the picture,he cannot avoid the punishment for all his sins death.The horrible,corrupting（腐烂的）picture could be seen as a symbol of the immorality and bad conscience of the Victorian middle class.The picture,restored to its or

18、iginal beauty,illustrates Wildes theories of art:art survives people,art is eternal.,Dorian Gray:the moral of the novel,Oscar Wilde,Only Connect.New Directions,The Picture of Dorian Gray,The only published novel written by Oscar Wilde.First appeared in 1890 immediately criticized as scandalous and i

19、mmoral.,Main characters,Dorian Gray:a radiantly handsome,impressionable,and wealthy young gentleman.Under the influence of Lord Henry Wotton,Dorian becomes extremely concerned with the transience of his beauty and begins to pursue his own pleasure above all else.He devotes himself to having as many

20、experiences as possible.,Main characters,Lord Henry:lead Dorian down a path of corruption and evil.Basil Hallward:The artist who painted the picture of Dorian.,Plot,Set in London at the end of 19th century.The painter Basil Hallward makes a portrait of a handsome young man,Dorian Gray.,plot,Dorian d

21、esires of eternal youth are satisfied.Experience and vice appear on the portrait.,plot,Dorian lives only for pleasureThe painter discovers Dorians secret and he is killed by the young man.,Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic ideas,Dorian idHallwad superegoHenry ego,Dorian Gray,Represent the idForev

22、er youth and beautyBorn to happinessSimplicity to depravedKilled BasilMighty id killed superego,Basil Hallward,Represent superegoKindness,noblenessTry to save Dorian,but failedMighty id killed superego.Facing mighty id,superego seems weakness,Lord Henry,Represent egoDandy and shiftlessPersonality is

23、 weak and contradictionDo not have the power to fight against id.,Dorian Gray:the moral of the novel,Every excess must be punished and reality cannot be escapedWhen Dorian destroys the picture,he cannot avoid the punishment for all his sins.DeathThe horrible,corrupting picture could be seen as a sym

24、bol of the immorality and bad conscience of the Victorian middle class.The picture,restored to its original beauty,illustrates Wildes theories of art:art survives people,art is eternal.,Wildes most enduringly popular play.,8.The Importance of Being Earnest,Oscar Wilde,Only Connect.New Directions,Sir

25、 John Gielgud,E.Evans and M.Leighton in The Importance of Being Earnest,UK,1952.,Jack has invented an alter ego自我,a younger brother called Ernest who lives in the City.Humour comes from the characters false identities.Witty dialogues and satire of Victorian hypocrisy伪善虚伪.,Oscar Wilde,The Importance

26、of Being Earnest:plot,Only Connect.New Directions,Set in England during the late Victorian era.The protagonists（主人公）:two young aristocratic（贵族）men,Ernest Worthing,and Algernon Moncrieff.Ernest,actually called Jack,was adopted at an early age by a Mr Thomas Cardew.,Oscar Wilde,The Importance of Being

27、 Earnest:characters,Only Connect.New Directions,They belong to aristocratic society.They are typical Victorian snobs（势利小人）.They are arrogant,formal and concerned with money.,The Importance of Being Earnest:characters,Oscar Wilde,Only Connect.New Directions,A 2002 performance of The Importance of Bei

28、ng Earnest,directed by Frank B.Moorman.,The Importance of Being Earnest:characters,Oscar Wilde,They are interested only in a materialistic（唯物主义的）world.Lady Bracknell embodies（象征）the stereotype（陈腔滥调）of the Victorian English aristocrat woman.,Only Connect.New Directions,A 2002 performance of The Impor

29、tance of Being Earnest,directed by Frank B.Moorman.,A new sort of the Restoration comedy of Manners.The problems of Wildes age are reflected in witty remarks.,The Importance of Being Earnest:Wildes new comedy of manners,Alana Brophy and Luke Barats in The Importance of Being Earnest,April 2005,This

30、comedy was a mirror of the fashionable and corrupted world of the Victorian fashionable audiences.,Oscar Wilde,Only Connect.New Directions,Marriage is one of the main concerns of the characters in the play.Wilde makes fun of the institution of marriage.Marriage is seen as a hypocritical and absurd p

31、ractice,a tool for achieving social stature（高度）.,The Importance of Being Earnest:the nature of marriage,Oscar Wilde,Only Connect.New Directions,Ida Vernon,William Faversham,Viola Allen,E.Y.Backus,Henry Miller in The Importance of Being Earnest(1895).,The play central plot the man who is both and isn

32、t Ernest/earnest presents a moral paradox.Earnest,misspelling for“Ernest”,means earnest,honest（诚实的）.None of the characters are really truthful.Characters are used to criticize Victorian prudery（假正经的行为）.What Wilde wants us to see as truly moral is really the opposite of earnestness:irreverence不尊敬的.,T

33、he Importance of Being Earnest:irony and Victorian morality,Oscar Wilde,Only Connect.New Directions,I have nothing to declare except my genius.Experience is simply the name we give our mistakes.A man can be happy with any woman as long as he does not love.,Oscar Wilde,1889,Oscar Wilde,Some famous qu

34、otations of Wildes:,Only Connect.New Directions,One should always be in love.That is the reason why one should never marry.Art is the most intense form of individualism that the world has known.,Oscar Wilde,Some famous quotations of Wildes:,Only Connect.New Directions,Oscar Wilde,1889,We are all in

35、the gutter,but some of us are looking at the stars我们都在阴沟里，但仍有人仰望星空。Always forgive your enemies;nothing annoys them so much.要永远原谅你的敌人，没什么事情比这个更让他们恼火了。,Fashion is a form of ugliness so intolerable that we have to alter it every six months.时尚就是一种让人难以忍受的丑陋，以至于我们不得不每六个月就更改一次。I am not young enough to know

36、 everything.只有年轻人才会无所不知。One can always be kind to people one cares nothing about总是善待别人的人对什么都不在意,What seems to us as bitter trials are often blessings in disguise痛苦的审判是那些虚伪的祝福The advantage of the emotions is that they lead us astray.情感的好处就是让我们误入歧途The heart was made to be broken心是用来碎的,A poet can survi

37、ve everything but a misprint.诗歌可以拯救一切除了印刷错误Only the shallow know themselves.只有影子才懂他们自己Moderation is a fatal thing.Nothing succeeds like excess.适度是致命的,没有什么事想过剩那么成功.,There are only two tragedies in life:one is not getting what one wants,and the other is getting it.生活里有两个悲剧:一个是没有得到我们想要的,另外一个是得到了.,天才比美更

38、持久。忠贞不二的人只知道爱的小零小碎，而见异思迁者才懂得爱的大悲大痛。摆脱诱惑的唯一方法是向诱惑投降。只有感官才能拯救灵魂，就像只有灵魂才能拯救感官一样。朝三暮四和永世相守的区别，在于前者比后者更持久些。男人结婚是因为疲惫，女人结婚是因为好奇，结果双方都大失所望。多情是无所事事的人的特权。一个人恋爱的的时候总是以自欺欺人开始，而以欺骗别人告终。,王尔德才气纵横的爱尔兰诗人及剧作家,王尔德生于都柏林的一个家世卓越的家庭，是家中的次子，全名为：奥斯卡芬葛欧佛雷泰威尔斯王尔德.在牛津，王尔德受到了沃尔特佩特及约翰拉斯金的审美影响，并接触了新黑格尔派哲学、达尔文进化论和先拉斐尔派的作品，这为他之后成为

39、唯美主义先锋作家确立了方向。当时，虽然年轻的王尔德还没有获得一个文学奖项，但服装惹眼、谈吐机智、特立独行的他在社会上已经小有名气，一些杂志甚至刊登着讽刺他的文章。,王尔德的妻子为他生了两个孩子，在第二个孩子出生不久，王尔德与改变他命运的美丽男人波西邂逅，并深深相爱，波西出自一个显赫的家庭，王尔德在与其父亲打官司时被判刑，在狱中呆了2年，在狱中完成了不朽的作品狱中书，是他写给他的波西的长信。,代表作：快乐王子和其他故事，石榴屋道林格雷的画像斯芬克斯，狱中书 薇拉，莎乐美,走进王尔德仿佛走进一个欧洲后花园，乱花渐欲迷人眼，让人沉醉不知归路，简直不小心就要倒在迷迭香旁做梦千年说他优雅几乎是不负责任的

40、搪塞，因为优雅过头了；说他睿智也适足反衬评论者想象的苍白，因为睿智过盛了；说他美妙等于端出一碗白开水，因为美妙过分了。喜好摆出一副精明的鉴赏者姿态的人碰见王尔德是要意乱神迷了，曾经的口吐莲花要衰败到如一池残荷。因此，聪明狡猾如博尔赫斯者就云遮雾罩似地说：“王尔德使人想起艺术的概念就如精选的、秘密的游戏休.维雷克的挂毯和斯蒂芬.格奥尔格的挂毯方式以及诗人就如一个勤奋的人造魔鬼，就是使人想起19世纪疲惫的黄昏和那令人压抑的温室和化妆舞会”。,这种诗意和雾霭等量的语言显然极不厚道地要置读者于阿拉丁的魔毯上了。与其祭出这么一长串几如王顾左右而言他的精妙夸饰，还不如来这么一句爽快读王尔德好比焦渴少年看黄

41、碟后做了春梦，妙处难与君说！,Requiescat,步子放轻点，她就在那雪地下，说话小声点，她能听见花儿长大。她闪亮的金发，蒙上尘土，年轻美丽的她，就此归于黄土。像朵百合，如雪般白的她并不明白，她是个在幸福中成长的女孩。她胸前盖着棺木与沉重的石头,我心兀自困惑，她已然安息。在一片平静当中，她听不见 竖琴之声或诗篇吟颂，我的一生由此入殓，于这堆尘土中。,Tread lightly,she is nearUnder the snow,Speak gently,she can hearThe daisies grow.All her bright golden hairTarnished with

42、rust,She that was young and fairFallen to dust.Lily-like,white as snow,She hardly knew She was a woman,so Sweetly she grew.Coffin-board,heavy stone,Lie on her breast,I vex my heart alone,She is at rest.Peace,Peace,she cannot hear Lyre or sonnet,All my lifes buried here，Heap earth upon it.,这里写的长眠的少女的

43、名字叫艾索拉法兰西卡，她是王尔德的妹妹，她是王尔德童年最好的玩伴，她的死深深的影响了王尔德，他在12岁时将妹妹的一缕头发放入自己画的一个信封中，上书【我艾索拉的头发一八六七年二月二十三日她不是死了，只是睡着】。这个信封在他之后的倾家荡产，所有财物，收藏书籍和文学作品的版权都被变卖和典当，遭遇了身无分文，身陷牢狱，备受折磨后，依然保留着，直到死亡为止。这首诗是多年以后王尔德为纪念艾索拉写的诗。,Requiescat：愿死者安息的祷文“步子放轻点，她就在那雪地下，说话小声点，她能听见花儿长大。”这句话乍一眼看过去，有一种不经世事的纯真美感。仿佛是一个小孩在告诉大人们小心点儿，以免吵醒睡着的同伴，雪

44、地与花儿的意象让人可以感觉得到美好，可以听到花儿长大，让人感受到女孩儿的可爱善良童真。她那样的可爱却躺在雪地下，这让心里似乎就有一点不舍。可是“她闪亮的金发，蒙上尘土，年轻美丽的她，就此归于黄土。”那可爱女孩儿的金发闪亮柔顺，可是却蒙上了尘土，年轻美丽却永远只能躺在黄土之中。让人觉得惋惜一种悲伤的感觉油然而生。,“像朵百合，如雪般白的她并不明白，她是个在幸福中成长的女孩。她胸前盖着棺木与沉重的石头,我心兀自困惑，她已然安息。”这写的是少女纯洁如百合，在幸福的围绕中生长，这样的小孩就像小小的天使一般让人不由自主的想要亲近，想要靠近，不忍心伤害那一抹无暇纯白。可令人惋惜的是，她已经长眠于黄土。她美

45、丽被棺木遮盖，他的稚嫩与纯真被沉重的石头压着，这一切都令她无法喘息。看着如安然睡去般的她，诗人王尔德也困惑着，为何自己的伙伴自己的妹妹会一直不会醒来。“在一片平静当中，她听不见 竖琴之声或诗篇吟颂，”葬礼沉浸在竖琴与诗篇吟诵的声音中，在众人安静的时刻，这声音显得十分动人圣洁，与妹妹艾索拉是那么的相似，可是她却永远闭上了耳朵，听不见这一切。,“我的一生由此入殓，于这堆尘土中。”也许，是因为妹妹这个童年玩伴的去世，令王尔德受到了触动，童年不反；也许是王尔德在经历过了人生的种种之后的感叹呢 这首诗全文未见一个关于悲哀的字眼，却把人带入一种悲伤，压抑的境界，这是王尔德的魔力，是他的才华，是他对亡妹的深

46、切感情也体现出了亡妹对他的影响是很大的。,辩解,是否为了如你所愿，我当如月之盈亏拿我的金装交换你的粗绒，并且织就痛苦之网讨你喜欢，而网中最灿烂的每一条线都是一段虚掷的时光？是否为了如你所愿我深爱的爱人我的灵魂之屋须是折磨之地，在那里，必有不灭的火焰和不死之虫蛰伏着，犹如邪恶的情人？,不，若为了如你所愿则我当承受一切，而将贩售野心于平凡市集，让阴沉的失败为我的衣衫，让悲哀在我的心房挖掘它的坟墓。或许如此反而更好至少我不曾让我的心变成铁石心肠，不曾让我的童年虚掷他那美好的盛宴，也不曾去到那不是美为何物之地。许多人都曾如此，企图以紧绷的枷锁框围那本该自由的灵魂，整日行走在积尘的常理之道，而整个森林却

47、正颂唱着自由。,不曾注意那飞行中有着斑点的鹰如何以广展的翅翼飞过玄虚的高空，去到某个人迹未至的陡峭高山并抓住太阳神最后的几缕垂发。不曾注意到小花如何被践踏小雏菊，那缀着白羽的金盾，曾以多么渴切的眼神追随太阳,想着只要有一回她的叶片能冠上光环便心满意足。然而的确有一小段时光，那最受喜爱的，曾是与爱人携手散步，看着他紫色的翅膀掠过你的微笑。,啊！虽然那饱食的激情之蛇吞噬我少男的心，然而如果我曾扯开栅栏与美向迎而立，我将深切明白那足以趋动太阳和一切星辰的爱情.王尔德的爱情王尔德在一生中最辉煌的时期与他生命中最重要的那个人相识，不是个少女，是个男子，看过他照片的人不得不感叹王尔德的审美观，那是一个可以

48、用美丽来形容的男人，也难怪，唯美主义的王尔德会踏上自我毁灭之路。可惜，自古以来的定律，英雄难过美人关.,波西出生于贵族家庭，生活奢靡。王尔德为了他不停地挣钱，波西应该是娇纵的小美人，王尔德可不仅仅喜欢他的外貌，还有那种别扭难以掌控的性格。他在狱中书说“除了爱你，我发现我也没有别的事情可以做”。波西的父亲很残暴，他并不赞同波西和王尔德在一起，在薄熙的怂恿下，王尔德和他的父亲打官司，王尔德在法庭上像作演讲般的为自己辩护，可是在残暴公爵的伪证和他们的恋情确有其事的情况下被判入狱，这时最忠诚于他的文字也救不了他了。,之后，王尔德的风光也就此结束。出狱后，波西仍然和他在一起，不过在几个月之后分手了。电影

49、王尔德的情人（心太羁）,王尔德的墓并不豪华，特色是，最与众不同之处当属墓碑上面印满了参观者的唇印。尽管公墓工作人员会定期清洗墓碑，去除不断增加的唇印，然而每次洗过后不久，络绎不绝的唇印又会重新显现。墓基上摆放的写有各国文字的纸片、烟盒。上面密密麻麻的文字新旧不一，“亲爱的奥斯卡”这样的称呼频频出现在字里行间，爱慕之情溢于言表。,王尔德一生只写过9篇短篇童话，集为薄薄两卷。分两次出版:第一卷快乐王子，出版于1888年。收入快乐王子、夜莺和玫瑰、自私的巨人、忠实的朋友、了不起的火箭5篇；第二卷石榴之家，出版于1891年。收入少年国王、西班牙公主的生日、打渔人和他的灵魂、星孩4篇。,二、王尔德唯美主

50、义理论与童话主题的矛盾,唯美主义是十九世纪末流行于西欧的一种文艺思潮。它最初起于诗坛，后来渐及小说、戏剧，主要流行于英国。所谓“唯美主义”，就是以艺术的形式美作为绝对美的一种艺术主张。这里所说的“美”。是指脱离现实的技巧美。因此，有时也将唯美主义称为“耽美主义“或“美的至上主义”。,王尔德认为：艺术应该超脱现实，游离人生。“现实的事件都是艺术之敌，一切艺术的坏处都是从实感产生。自然就是明白，明白就不是艺术。”一切拙劣的艺术都是从复归自然的描写和客观地描述人生而产生的，因此，认为凡是“回到生活和自然”的艺术都是坏的。艺术越远离现实、超脱现实越妙。“唯一美的事物，就是与我们无关的事物”。,“不是艺