有机化合物分子的结构基础.ppt
《有机化合物分子的结构基础.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《有机化合物分子的结构基础.ppt(62页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、第一章,有机化合物分子的结构基础,第一章重点讲解问题,1.简要回顾有机化学的形成,并回答有机化学是怎样的一门学科2.价键理论基础回顾和分子轨道理论简介3.杂化轨道理论与有机化合物结构特点4.有机化合物的基本骨架和官能团5.有机化合物的结构与性质的关系 1、价键 2、非共价力 3、立体结构 6.质子酸碱和路易斯酸碱理论,1.1 有机化学及其发展历史和趋势,1.HistoryIn 1770,Swedish chemist Torberm Bergman was the first to express the difference between“organic”and“inorganic”sub
2、stances,1.1 有机化学及其发展历史和趋势,Organic-derived from living organismOriginally,Study of compounds extracted from living organisms and their natural products,1.1 有机化学及其发展历史和趋势,Vital force theory:Organic compounds needs a“vital force”to create them,1.1 有机化学及其发展历史和趋势,In 1828,Fridrich Wohler convert the“inorg
3、anic”salt ammonium cyanate into the“organic”substance urea,1.1 有机化学及其发展历史和趋势,Wohlers synthesis led to the realization that molecules found in nature can be described,handled,and synthesized in the same way as minerals and metals.What an astounding insight-that atoms and molecules move freely between
4、 the living and nonliving worlds,that the living and nonliving share fundamental attributes that can be studied.With this discovery,organic chemistry was born.,1.1 有机化学及其发展历史和趋势,作业 1:查阅有关书籍和文献,了解有机化学的发展历史和趋势。并就发展历史中可以称之为里程碑的一个发现作介绍和评述。字数要求在1500字以内,第六周周三交,1.1 有机化学及其发展历史和趋势,2.Definition of Organic Che
5、mistryOrganic Chemistry is the Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,Organic Chemistry is the Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,Question:Why is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to the study of carbon-containing compounds?,Organic Chemistry is the Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,The answer is:Carbon-containin
6、g compounds makes life possibleWe need carbon-containing compounds in nature for our food,medicines,clothing,and energyWe depend on millions of synthetic carbon-contaning compounds in our daily life,Organic Chemistry is the Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,Question:What makes carbon so special?Why are
7、there so many carbon-containing compounds?,Organic Chemistry is the Chemistry of Carbon Compounds,Please try to draw out all the structures corresponding to the formula:a.C2H6Ob.C3H6O,It shares electrons with other carbon atoms It shares electrons with several kinds of atomsC-C single,double and tri
8、ple bondchain,or cyclo-links Isomerism phenomenon,1.2 价键理论基础回顾和分子轨道理论简介,1.2.1 The Structure of an Atom1.2.2 Distribution of Electrons in an Atom Atomic orbitals:,1.2 价键理论基础回顾和分子轨道理论简介,(1)The aufbau pricipleThe closer the orbital is to the nucleus,the lower its energy1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s(2)The Pa
9、uli exclusion pricipleDegenerate orbitals-have the same energy(3)Hunds ruleC:1s2 2s2 2px12py12pz0,1.2 价键理论基础回顾和分子轨道理论简介,1.2.3 Ionic,Covalent,and Polar BondsAn atom is most stable if it has a filled shell or an outer shell of eight electrons and no electrons of higher energyIonic bond:LiClCovalent bo
10、nd:H2,O2,CO2 C:1s2 2s2 2px12py12pz0 Neither readily gives up electrons Nor readily accepts electronsNonpolar bond(H-H)and Polar bond(C-H,C-O),1.2 价键理论基础回顾和分子轨道理论简介,常见价键的表示方法:Lewis StructuresKekule StructuresCondensed Structures,HCO2H,1.2 价键理论基础回顾和分子轨道理论简介,思考题共价键化合物与离子键化合物性质有哪些差异?请记住有机化合物中常见元素的电负性Ele
11、ctronegativity:H:2.1 B:2.0 C:2.5 N:3.0 O:3.5F:4.0 Cl:3.0 Br:2.8 I:2.5Li:1.0 Mg:1.2,1.2 价键理论基础回顾和分子轨道理论简介,1.2.4 Introduction of Molecular TheoryOrbitals are conserved-the number of atomic orbitals combined must equal the number of molecular orbitals formed,1.2.4 Introduction of Molecular Theory,The a
12、bove only shows the bonding molecular orbital,the other one is antibonding molecular orbital,but it contains no electrons.,1.2.4 Introduction of Molecular Theory,The 1s atomic orbitals can combine in one of two ways,1.2.4 Introduction of Molecular Theory,-The 1s atomic orbitals combine in a way that
13、 enhance each other,similar to two light waves or two sound waves that reinforce each other.It is a sigma bonding molecular orbital 键-The 1s atomic orbitals can also combine in a way that cancel each other,producing a node between the nuclei.It is a sigma antibonding molecular orbital*键,1.2.4 Introd
14、uction of Molecular Theory,Side-to-side overlapping of in-phase p orbitals produces a bonding pi-molecular orbital 键 Side-to-side overlapping of out-of-phase p orbitals producing an antibonding pi-molecular orbital*键,1.3 碳的杂化轨道理论 Hybridization,1.3.1 sp3 HybridizationC 1s22s22p2-2s22px12py12pz0 2s12p
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 有机化合物 分子 结构 基础
![提示](https://www.31ppt.com/images/bang_tan.gif)
链接地址:https://www.31ppt.com/p-5441614.html