Morphology形态学.ppt
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1、Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学,词法学),Internal structures of words and rules of word formation,careful wonderful successful beautiful widen deepen shorten fasten sharpenImpossible,incorrect,improper,illegal,report,import export transport support porterrespect inspect expect suspect prospectboys girls toys b
2、ooks tables bottles working,thinking speaking,cutting,hitting the,to,for,bird,leg,air,captain.suffixes,prefixes,roots,inflectional suffixes,free root,Semantically:root(词根)and affixaffix(词缀):prefix(前缀),suffix(后缀);derivational affixes(派生词缀)and inflectional affixes(屈折词缀)Structurally:free morphemes(自由词素
3、,即自由词根)and bound morphemes(粘着词素),5.1 what is morphology,Morphology studies the internal structures(内部结构)of words and word formation rules.It divided into two fields:inflectional morphology(屈折词法)and derivational/lexical morphology(派生词法).It studies the different categories of morphemes(bound,free,deri
4、vational and inflectional)morphological rules,5.2 morpheme(词素,语素),Morpheme is a minimal meaningful grammatical unit in a language.1 minimal:smallest,it can not further be divided.un,bird but not blackboard=black+boarddisagree=dis+agree 2 meaningful:can not be further divided without destroying its m
5、eaningcap+tain,man+age=manage,3,grammatical:not only lexical morphemes like bird,leg,table,but also grammatical ones,liketo,for,-s,ed,-er,the a aninternational=inter+nation+altourists=tour+ist+sdisagreements=dis+agree+ment+s,Classification of morphemes,Free morphemes:those that can exist as individu
6、al words:the,to for cap shoe Lexical morphemes:nouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs.Open class,large part of vocabulary 实词Functional morphemes:prepositions,conjunctions,articles,pronouns.Closed class.虚词,Bound morphemes(粘着词素):those that can not occur alone as separate words.-ful,-less,re-de,tele-vis-ion,un
7、-happyRoots(词根),the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning:receive,conceive,deceive,Respect,expect,suspect,diction,contradiction bird leg hand,Affixes(词缀):those that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.Interralation:all free morpheme
8、s(like bird)are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.(like spect).All affixes are bound morphemes but not all bound morphemes are affixes(like ceive),affixes,Position:prefixes,suffixes and inffixes(中缀)dislike,disagree,discourage;movement,encouragement spokesman,townspeopleFunction:affixes can
9、be divided into:inflectional affixes and derivational affixes,Inflectional affixes:indicate grammatical function,do not produce new words or cause a change in grammatical class.Number,gender,tense,aspect,case and degree(8个:-s,-s,s,-ing,-ed,-en,-er,est P60)Derivational affixes:produce new words,some
10、change grammatical classes of words.dis-,un-,re-,in-,-ly,-y,ful,-er,ment,tion,(P 61),root:the basic part of a word that can not be further analysed without total loss of its identitybase:the form that a derivational affix is attached,disagree+ment=disagreemenstem:the form that an inflectional affix
11、is attached:reopen+ing=reopening.eat+ing=eating(stem)eat+able=eatable(base)eat+er=eater,incorrect,impossible illegal irregularinexact impracticle illegible irrelevantinaccurate improper inefficient in-/in/,/im/,/il/,/ir/enlarge embodyensure empowerenrich en-/en/,/em/,Morpheme,morph,allomorph,Morphem
12、es are the minimal meaningful units in a grammatical system of a language.ingMorphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemesAllomorphs(词素变体):the realizations of a particular morpheme./in/,/il/ir/,/im/,d:/t/after voiceless consonants except/t/;ho
13、ped,looked,stopped,finished/d/after vowels and voiced consonants except/d/;loved,lived,realized/id/after/t/and/d/.Visited,stated,headed,z:/s/:after voiceless consonants except/s/,/,and/,books,maps streets;/z/after vowels and voiced consonants except/z/,/,/.bags,cars keys/iz/after/s/,/z/,/,/,/,/.size
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