miocrobiology药学英语大二下有难度啊.ppt

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1、Microbiology,1.Introduction Microbiology is the study of microorganisms,which are unicellular or multicellular microscopic organisms.This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and algae(藻类)and prokaryotes such as bacteria.Viruses,though not strictly classed as living organisms,are also studied.Microbiol

2、ogy is a broad term which includes many branches like virology,mycology,parasitology and others.A person who specializes in the area of microbiology is a microbiologist.,2.Bacteria Most bacteria(singular:bacterium)are unicellular microorganisms.They grow in soil,acidic hot springs,radioactive waste,

3、seawater,and deep in the Earths crust.There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells as human cells in the human body,with large numbers of bacteria on the skin and in the digestive tract.A few are beneficial,some are pathogenic bacteria and cause infectious diseases.,2.1 Morphology Bacte

4、ria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes,called morphologies.Most bacterial species are either spherical,called cocci(sing.coccus)or rod-shaped,called bacilli(sing.bacillus).Some rod-shaped bacteria,called vibrio（弧菌）,are slightly curved or comma-shaped;others,can be spiral-shaped,called spir

5、illa（螺菌）.,coccus(cocci),Streptococcus pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌,Sarcina lutea藤黄八叠球菌,Staphylococcus aureus金黄色葡萄球菌,Escherichia coli大肠埃希杆菌,Bacillus bifidus 双歧杆菌,Bacillus anthracis炭疽芽孢杆菌,bacillus(bacilli),Vibrio cholerae霍乱弧菌,Spirilla螺旋菌,2.2 Cell structure,capsule(荚膜):protection against phagocytosis and desiccati

6、on，help attachment of bacteria to other cells or surfaces，composed of polysaccharides and sometimes protein cell wall:prevents osmotic lysis of cell protoplast（原生质体）and confers rigidity and shape on cells Gram-positive bacteria:peptidoglycan（肽聚糖）complexed with teichoic acids（磷壁酸）Gram-negative bacter

7、ia:peptidoglycan surrounded by phospholipid，lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide(LPS,脂多糖),Plasma membrane:permeability barrier;transport of solutes;energy generation;location of numerous enzyme systems;composed of phospholipid and protein Ribosome(核糖体):sites of translation(protein synthesis),composed

8、of RNA and protein Plasmid(质粒):extrachromosomal genetic material,composed of DNA Pili（菌毛）and Flagella（鞭毛）:Swimming movement,composed of protein,nucleoid：an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of prokaryotes which has nuclear material without a nuclear membrane and where the genetic material is

9、 localized.,3.Virus3.1 A virus is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.When independently exist-have no ability of metabolism(exchange material,transfer energy,grow and reproduce)-nonlivingWhen be in a host-take over control of the metabolic acti

10、vities of host cell,fulfill replication,3.2 Structure Each viral particle,or virion,consists of genetic material,DNA or RNA,within a protective protein coat called a capsid.,Hepatitis B virus乙型肝炎病毒,Influenza virus流感病毒,Human immunodeficiency virus 人免疫缺陷病毒,SARS virusSARS 病毒,3.3 Replication,Attachment（

11、吸附）is a specific binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface.This specificity determines the host range of a virus.For example,the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infects only human T cells,because its surface protein,gp120,can interact with CD4 recepto

12、r on the T cells surface.Penetration（侵入）:following attachment,viruses enter the host cell through receptor mediated endocytosis or membrane fusionUncoating（脱壳）:a process in which the viral capsid is degraded by viral enzymes or host enzymes thus releasing the viral genomic nucleic acidBiosynthesis（生

13、物合成）:synthesis of viral protein and replication of viral genome.Assembly（装配）:assembly of intact virus Release（释放）:Viruses are released from the host cell by lysis,4.Importance of microorganisms to humankind,4.1 Microorganism and disease Pathogen:infectious agent,or more commonly germ,is a biological

14、 agent that causes disease to its host.Viral infection influenza（流感）,measle（麻疹）,chickenpox（水痘）,smallpox（天花），mumps（腮腺炎）Bacterial infection tuberculosis（肺结核），pneumonia（肺炎），diphtheria（白喉）Parasitol infection malaria（疟疾）：caused by plasmodium(疟原虫)fungal infection:onychomycosis(甲癣),4.2 Microorganism and me

15、dicine 4.2.1 Antibiotics the substance,such as penicillin or streptomycin（链霉素）,produced by or derived from certain microorganisms such as actinomycetes(放线菌）,fungi and bacteria（细菌）,that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.In clinic,it is used to fight against infectious diseases

16、.Metabolism of microorganisms Primary metabolites(初级代谢产物）:amino acids,nucleic acids,vitamins Secondary metabolites(次级代谢产物）:antibiotics,hormones,pigments,Classification according to chemical structure-lactam（-内酰胺）antibiotics：penicillin derivatives，cephalosporins（头孢菌素类）Aminoglycoside（氨基糖苷）antibiotics：

17、streptomycin，kanamycintetracycline antibiotics:tetracycline,chlortetracycline（金霉素）Macrolide（大环内酯）antibiotics：erythromycinpolypeptide antibiotics：polymyxin（多粘菌素），bacitracin（杆菌肽）,Vaccine is a biological preparation that establishes or improves immunity to a particular disease.Vaccines can be prophylac

18、tic or therapeutic.Vaccination（接种疫苗）is the administration of antigenic material(the vaccine)to produce immunity to a disease.Vaccination is also called active immunization because the immune system is stimulated to develop its own immunity against the pathogen.Passive immunity,in contrast,results fr

19、om the injection of antibodies formed by another animal(e.g.,horse)which provide immediate,but temporary,protection for the recipient.,Kinds of Vaccines1.Killed whole microorganisms Vaccines containing killed microorganisms-these are previously virulent micro-organisms which have been killed with ch

20、emicals or heat.Examples are vaccines against flu and hepatitis A.2.Attenuated（减毒的）microorganisms Vaccines containing live,attenuated microorganisms-these are live micro-organisms that has been cultured so as to reduce its pathogenicity,but still retain some of the antigens of the virulent form.Exam

21、ples include yellow fever,measles and mumps.,3.Toxoids A toxoid is a bacterial toxin(usually an exotoxin)whose toxicity has been weakened or suppressed either by chemical(formalin)or heat treatment,while other properties,typically immunogenicity（免疫原性）,are maintained.Toxoids are used in vaccines as t

22、hey induce an immune response to the original toxin.Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria.,4.Subunit vaccine Rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated micro-organism to an immune system,a fragment of it can create an immune response.A subunit vaccine is composed

23、 of a purified antigen molecules or antigenic determinant that is separated from the virulent organism.,Immunologic adjuvant（免疫佐剂）In immunology,an adjuvant is an agent that may stimulate the immune system and increase the response to a vaccine,without having any specific antigenic effect in itself.A

24、n immunologic adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to accelerate,prolong,or enhance antigen-specific immune responses when coadministered with specific vaccine antigens.,Important morphemes,parasit-parasite ectoparasite,endoparasite,parasiticide bacteri-bacteria bactericide,bacteristat,bac

25、teriolysin,bacteriophage coccus staphylococcus,streptococcus myc/o,mycosis,mycin mycology,bronchomycosis,streptomycin,erythromycin,zym-enzyme,fermentation zymogen,zymosis,penicill-penicillin penicillamine,penicillinase fung-fungus fungal,fungicide germ-pathogen germicide septic，sep-decayed，rotten se

26、psis，septicemia toxi，toxo-poison toxin，toxoid，cytotoxic，intoxication bio-life，living things biocatalysis，biologist，symbion,Term analysis,bacteriemia,septicemia,toxemia,pyemia endotoxin，exotoxin,antitoxin photoautotroph,photoheterotroph chemoautotroph，chemoheterotroph thermophile,thermostat aerobic microorganism,anaerobic microorganism,