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1、Lecture 9A Contrastive Study of the Words and Expressions in C-E Translation,II.英汉语义对比及词的翻译1.语义对应现象汉语和英语虽属不同语系却都拥有丰富的词汇量。汉字的表意能力及组合能力很强,英语从拉丁语、古法语及其他语言中吸收了大量的词汇,它们都是词汇量非常丰富的语言,有着大量的对应词语。这是汉英翻译的语言基础。,1.1.full equivalents:这类英汉词语多为专有名词、术语或普通名词,其数量极为有限。如:日 sun,月 moon CIA(美国)中央情报局 smog烟雾 carob角豆树,1.2.par
2、tial equivalents:有许多英汉语词语在词义上只是部分对应。它们的意义范围有广狭之分、抽象与具体之分、一般与个别之分。如:uncle(广义)-叔父,伯父,姑父,姨父,舅父(狭义)milk 奶(抽象);人奶,牛奶,羊奶(具体);film胶卷(一般),影片(个别)还有些英汉词语在概念意义上是对应的,但在内涵意义上却是不对应的,如:vinegar:醋(概念意义)有不高兴,坏脾气的内涵意义 醋(概念意义):有妒忌的内涵意义,1.3 no equivalents无对应(词义空缺):中国炒饭 Chinese Chaofan嗑头 Kowtow/功夫 kungfu,1.3 no equivalen
3、ts无对应(词义空缺):干部 Cadre/official/functionary/administrator炕 a hot brick bed/kang冰糖葫芦 candied haws on a stick 这些不对应现象给汉英翻译造成一定的难度,需通过适当的翻译技巧加以克服。,此外,还得注意一些词的词义的发展变化:hot-line 热线(原指美国总统与前苏联首脑直接通话的线路。现指人们提意见,咨询或预约的直线电话。Home cinema 家庭影院(原指场所,现指设备)Water-gate,Iran-gate(原指门,现指丑闻),2.词汇翻译中常见的难题“words do not have
4、 meanings;people have meanings from words.”(词本无义,义随人生。)汉英词语间的差异带着浓厚的文化特征,出现了多义词,歧义词及双关语、同义词、反义词、词汇空缺等等常见而难以翻译的语言现象。,2.1多义词的翻译多义词的翻译可通过联系上下文,注意词语的褒贬、广狭和搭配习惯,确定多义词在特定语境中的含义。1)根据上下文正确理解原文的词义如:“发”,发货 deliver goods 发言 speak at the meeting,发烧 have a fever 发信 post a letter 发邮件 send an e-mail,发电 generate el
5、ectricity 发传单 distribute leaflets 发光发热 emit light and heat,“意见”他们就大家共同关心的问题交换了意见。They exchanged views on the issues of common concern.专家对这个项目提出了修改意见。The experts made some suggestions for the revision of the project.,大家对你很有意见。People have a lot of complaints about you.他们在会上闹起了意见。They got into disputes
6、 at the meeting.,对比表明,汉语“杀”要比英语kill语义范围窄,一般只能用于人和动物,不能用于植物或无生命的东西;当然也有“杀风景”、“杀威风”、“杀价”等用法,但不及kill宽泛;英语中不仅可以kill有生命的东西,也可以kill无生命的事物。所以,翻译实践中切不可一律以kill译“杀”,否则会闹笑话。The Black Death was a disease that killed millions.黑死病是一种夺取千百万人生命的疾病。Too much garlic killed the taste of the meat.太多的蒜破坏了肉的味道。,He kills ti
7、me every day down at the park.他天天在那边的公园里消磨时光。That mistake killed his chances.那次错误毁掉了他的机会。His joke nearly killed me.他的笑话真是笑死人。,2)通过词义的褒贬来正确理解原文的词义 如:“热衷”她热衷于花样滑冰。She is fond of figure skating.他热衷于个人名利。He is always hankering after personal fame and gains.,3)通过词义的广狭正确理解原文的词义 如:“皮”人皮 skin 书皮 cover 树皮 ba
8、rk 兽皮 hide,4)词语搭配正确理解原文的词义 根据定语与中心词的搭配 浓茶strong tea;浓墨 dark ink;浓烟dense smoke;青山green hill;青天blue sky;,根据动宾搭配如:“看”Look at the blackboard.see a film,watch TV,read books 我看出了他的心事。I could read his mind.他看出了她的破绽。He spotted her weak point.,开车drive a car;开船to set sail;开机器to start a machine;上自行车to get on a
9、 bike;上飞机to board a plane;上山to go up/mount a hill,译例分析:TEM8(2002)汉译英汉语原文:大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等。所以人们对于大自然,全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间,上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄,酿酒和饮酒,喂牛和挤奶,锄草和栽花;在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜,在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌;往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样,每个地方都有自己的传说,风俗也就衍传了下来。,原文“酿酒和饮酒”中的“酒”“酒”在英语中可以有很多选择alcohol,wine,liquor,spirits beer whisk
10、y因此学生译文中出现了许多有趣的搭配现象,比如:brew wine and drink alcohol,brew spirits and drink wine,Brew wine and drink beer等等。正确处理的方法一般有两种:(l)使用及物动词,但统一宾语,比如:brew and drink wine:(2)使用不及物动词:brew and drink。,2.“喂牛和挤奶”中的“牛”“牛”在英语中可以有以下一些选择:cattle(牛)l总称,bull(公牛),cow(母牛),calf(牛犊),ox(牛)I统称或(公牛,阉牛),bullock(阉牛),buffalo(水牛)学生译文
11、中出现了以下现象,比如:feed bulls and milk cows(喂公牛和挤母牛的奶),feed oxen and milk them(喂公牛、母牛、阉牛并挤它们的奶),feed bulls for milk(喂公牛挤奶)。,正确处理的方法是:(l)使用及物动词:feed cows and milk them,feed and miIk cows,feed cows for milk(2)使用不及物动词译“挤奶”:Feed cattle and milk,feed cows and milk。,3.“锄草和栽花”中的“草”据(汉英词典)(p.48)汉语“草”:grass:straw,而
12、原文“锄草和栽花”中的“草”指的却是“杂草,野草”(weed)。“锄草”这个组合关系有多种译法:(l)按字面直译(remove,uproot,)weeds:(2)意译:Hoe the garden,weed the garden,weed,其中使用“weed”显得尤其简洁生动,不失为利用了英语的特色。,4.原文“拉琴”中的“琴”“琴”可能是violin(小提琴),aecordion(手风琴)等,但有译作piano(钢琴)、organ(风琴)等的。在组合关系上,英语中“演奏乐器”在“乐器”前要加定冠词“the”。但许多译文中出现了Playviolin,Playaccordion等类似的错误。,译
13、例:我属鸡,我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。I was born in the Year of the Rooster.I never eat chicken.The Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.,Notes:Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals,representing the 12 Earthly Branches,to symbolize the year in which a person is born.Spring Festival 1993,for
14、 example,is the first day of the Year of the Rooster.People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol.All other years of the rooster,according to an old Chinese saying,become either good-or-bad-luck year for them.,翻译下列句子:在这种情况下这种情况必须改变现在情况不同了。他们的情况怎么样?我们可能去哪里,依情况而定真是意想不到的事。我们对这件事情当然有发言
15、权。这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。各族人民的代表共聚一堂,商谈国家大事。,译文:1.在这种情况下under this circumstances2.这种情况必须改变This situation must be changed.3.现在情况不同了。Now things are different.4.他们的情况怎么样?What s the matter with them.?5.我们可能去哪里,依情况而定We may go there,it all depends.,6.真是意想不到的事。It is a surprise.7.我们对这件事情当然有发言权。Of course we have a
16、 say in this matter.8.这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。The new book was the cultural event of the year.9.那是件普通的小事。That is an incident.10.各族人民的代表共聚一堂,商谈国家大事。Representatives from different nationalities gather in the same hall to discuss the affairs of the state,2.歧义词的翻译歧义词指同时具有两种或两种以上解释的词,实际意义与字面意义不同,易引起误解或误译的词。1)古今
17、含义不同贤慧旧指三从四德(virtuous),现指通情达理(considerate)。妻子古指妻子儿女(wife and children),今指妻子(wife)试比较:却看妻子愁何在,漫卷诗书喜欲狂。兄弟如手足,妻子如衣服。,2)一物多称金星,启明星,太白星Venus河汉,长河,云汉,星河,均指银河 the milk way西席,西宾,先生,师长,师傅 teacher3)俗语,称谓小弟:指说话者本人(谦称)I,me兄弟我不才,I am ignorant.,3.同义词和近义词的翻译实际上,一对或一串同义词在意义、用法、感情色彩、文体意义、搭配习惯等方面,并不尽相同。翻译时,要仔细辨析词义,注意
18、感情色彩的差异和搭配习惯及区分文体意义。如“哭”一词,因其方式不同而有“哽咽”sob、“抽泣”weep,“痛哭”wail,cry、“嚎啕大哭”等,翻译时,要弄清原文意思,选用最贴切的词。,1)学生很羡慕他的博学。His students admire him for his wide range of knowledge.她不该嫉妒人,说人家的坏话。It is unwise of her to be jealous of others and to speak evil of others.2).那位贪污受贿的官员被撤消了职务。The official who is guilty of cor
19、ruption and taking bribes has been dismissed from his post.他因违章开车被永远吊销了驾驶执照。His driving license has been revoked once and for all because of his violation of traffic regulations.,4.“反义词”的翻译汉语中有很多词是有意义相反的的两个词组成的,这便是所谓的反义词.由于英汉语结构的差别及东西方的不同思维角度,有时会出现字面意义与实际意义不同的情况,,如果按字面翻译,很容易造成误译。在翻译中,经常用意译的方法,如:方圆左近
20、的人,谁不知道她?Who in the neighborhood doesnt know her?屋里静悄悄的,一点儿动静都没有。I was quiet in the house,nothing stirring.,反正得去个人,就让我去吧。Since someone has to go anyway,let me go.两种办法各有得失。Each of the two methods has its advantages and disadvantages.,Exercises:大小;高矮;长短;冷暖;东西;粗细;是非;参差 Keys:大小size;高矮height;长短length;冷暖t
21、emperature;东西direction;粗细 thickness;是非 trouble;参差 variation,Translate the following into English:太平门自学红眼寒衣肤浅这篇文章纯粹是在颠倒黑白。你真不知好歹。此事无足轻重。此人说话不知轻重。这是后话。,1.太平门Emergency exit2.自学Self-taught 3红眼.Green-eye4寒衣Warm clothes5.肤浅skin-deep,6.这篇文章纯粹是在颠倒黑白The writer of the article is doing nothing but confusing right and wrong.7.你真不知好歹。You simply couldnt tell whats good or bad for you.8.此事无足轻重It is a matter of no consequence.9.此人说话不知轻重。He doesnt know the proper way to talk.10这是后话。.We are getting ahead of the story.,
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