耕作学CroppingSystem.ppt
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1、耕作学 Cropping System,教-学方法,互动、参与式研究型不要死学、学死,要掌握实质,灵活运用。要求预习授鱼-教渔协调,教-学双方配合建立学习小组,第一课,有关的基本概念 Several related concepts;农作制度的功能 Role of farming systems;中国农作制度的特点 Features of farming systems in China。,基本概念 Several concepts,The farming system is defined as:A unique and reasonably stable arrangement of fa
2、rming enterprises that the household manages according to well-defined practices in response to physical,biological and socio-economic environments and in accordance with the households goals,preferences and resources.These factors combine to influence the output and production methods.”(Shaner(1982
3、)in Merrill-Sands,1986)是农户按照其基于物理、生物和社会-经济环境而精心设计的生产措施,与其目的、优先选择和资源状况协调一致的对农业生产的独特的、相对稳定的安排。,Farming system 农作制度,Transitory Agricultural Systems:Nomadic pastoralism游牧;Shifting Cultivation遊墾 Settled Agriculture:農耕 Arable Systems;畜牧 Pastoral Systems;大田農耕 Plantation Agriculture;小農農耕 Farm-Houshold(Small
4、-farm)Agriculture;農漁牧混合制度 Mixed Farming Systems;Urban Agriculture 都會農耕(包括市民農園、屋頂菜園等),農業生產制度(Agricultural System),A farming system is more than just the production of crops and rearing of animals.It includes other resources,the activities and inputs of all members of the household.Therefore,farming s
5、ystems analysis must helps us understand how rural households use all their natural resources to make a living.Farming systems analysis includes collecting fuel wood,building materials and other biological products,e.g.traditional medicine.It also includes non-farm activities like basket weaving or
6、brick making,and off-farm activities like wood collecting and labouring.In the past,the interactions between farm enterprises,and between on-farm and off-farm activities were ignored.Farming systems analysis looks at:all enterprises,all species cultured or captured and all agroecological niches util
7、ized by the household regardless of resource access regime.In doing this it recognises that farm households do a lot more than grow crops and tend animals!,Understand complexity of small holder farming,Enterprise Focus,Interest in increasing food supplies through improving the productivity of crops
8、and animals resulted in a focus on particular enterprises.Although scientists used a systems perspective,they focused on a predetermined enterprise.,Different focus,Problem,Problem focus,Interest in poor adoption of modern technologies gave rise to a focus on farmers problems with low yield and poor
9、 crop and livestock productivity.Scientists used systems diagnostic perspective with a farmer problem focus.,(Source:Norman and Lightfoot 1992),Natural resources focus,Interest in sustainable agriculture gave rise to a focus on the rehabilitation and regeneration of natural resources.Scientists used
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