名词性从句例句.ppt

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1、名词性从句,(一)名词性that从句 由that引导，在从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语等，that在从句中不作成分，翻译时不译出来。1.that引导主语从句，经常用it作形式主语。,【真题例句】Further more，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scient

2、ists and technologists of all kinds.(2000-72),【结构分析】本句主干在第一个逗号后，it is obvious that，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语为and连接的两个that引导的名词性从句that the strength of a countrys economy is和that this in turn rests。第一个主语从句中，代词its指代 countrys;第二个主语从句中，this指代 efficiency of its agriculture and industry。【参考译文】再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工业生

3、产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。,【真题例句】But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions。(2005阅读2),【结构分析】以逗号

4、and为切入点，本句为两个并列分句，其中第一个分句中does表示强调;第二个分句it为形式主语，critical后面的that引导的名词性从句that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments为真正的主语，在此主语分句中，又包含一个that引导的定语从句修饰judgments，关系代词that在从句中作provide的宾语，分词结构concerning the future consequences of present actions为后置定语修饰judgments。,【参考译文】但是科学确实

5、为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和其他各国在作重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供给我们的对于人类现在的行为对未来影响的最好的判断为依据。,2.that引导表语从句【真题例句】One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on.(2002英译汉)【结构分析】本句的主干是一个主系表结构One difficu

6、lty is that，其中表语由that引导的表语从句充当。在此表语从句中，主语部分all of what is called behavioral science包含what引导的名词性从句，what在从句中作主语。,【参考译文】困难之一在于几乎所有所谓的行为科学仍从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面寻找行为的依据。,【真题例句】If good people do nothing,there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical pro

7、gress.(2003阅读2)【结构分析】本句是复合句。逗号前为if引导的条件状语从句，主句由there be句型充当。possibility后that引导同位语从句that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress，说明possibility的具体内容。,【参考译文】如果好人袖手旁观，有可能真让无知的人们扑灭医学进步中珍贵的火种。,【真题例句】The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the bra

8、in finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary。(2005完形),【结构分析】本句的主干为主系表结构The explanationseems to be，表语部分由that引导的表语从句充当。在此从句中，使用了find it+adj.+to do 结构，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语由不定式短语充当。but并列了the brain后的两个谓语finds it inefficient to keep和 can creat

9、e new receptors if necessary。,【参考译文】对气味的不敏感似乎可以这样解释，大脑发现让所有的气味感觉器官一直工作效率会很低，但在需要的时候仍可以创造新的感觉器官。,【真题例句】The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past。(2006阅读3)【结构分析】本句的

10、主干为主系表结构The notion is that，其中be动词后的表语由that引导的名词性从句充当。在此从句中，宾语部分changes后面是which引导的限制性定语从句which have happened，which在从句中指代changes作主语，在此从句中，又包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。,【参考译文】这一观点指出人们没有察觉发生在海洋中的巨大变化是因为他们用在审视 过去上的时间段相对较短。,【真题例句】Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.(

11、2006完形)【结构分析】本句主干为主系表结构Part of the problem is that，表语部分由that引导的名词性从句that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs充当，注意be addicted to翻译为“对成瘾”。【参考译文】部分问题在于许多无家可归的成年人都是酒鬼或者是瘾君子。,3.that引导宾语从句【真题例句】This does not mean that ambition is at an end,that people no longer feel its stirrings and pro

12、mptings,but only that,no longer openly honored,it is less openly professed。(2000阅读4)【结构分析】本句主干为This does not mean that，that，but only that这三个that引导的名词性从句都作mean的宾语，第三个that引导的宾语从句中，分词no longer openly honored作原因状语。,【参考译文】但这并不意味着雄心抱负已经走到了尽头，也不意味着人们不再感觉到它的鼓舞和激励了，而是指由于人们不再以有雄心抱负为荣，所以也很少公开了。,【真题例句】Replies s

13、how that compared with other Americans,journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods,have maids,own Mercedeses,and trade stocks,and theyre less likely to go to church,do volunteer work,or put down roots in a community。(2001阅读3)【结构分析】本句主干在逗号前，Replies show that，宾语部分是that引导的宾语从句。在此从句中，co

14、mpared with other Americans为分词所作的状语，主要部分为and并列的两个分句journalists are more likely to live和theyre less likely to go to,【参考译文】（对问题的）回答表明，与其他美国人相比，记者往往住高档社区、雇有佣人、拥有奔驰车、做股票交易、较少上教堂、做志愿者工作或在一个社区扎根。,【真题例句】The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,if oil prices averaged$22 a barrel for a full yea

15、r,compared with$13 in 1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.250.5%of GDP.(2002阅读3)【结构分析】本句主干为The OECD estimates that，介词短语in its latest Economic Outlook作分隔结构。在that引导的宾语从句中，包含一个if引导的与现在相反的虚拟条件状语从句。,【参考译文】OECD在其最近的经济瞭望中估计，如果石油价格与1998年的每桶13美元相比在一整年中平均保持为每桶22美元，这也只会给富裕的

16、经济体的石油进口账单上增加GDP总值的0.25%到0.5%。,【真题例句】He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language,the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another。(200464)【结构分析】本句主干很清晰，是一个主谓宾结构。宾语从句由that引导的宾语从句充当。在宾语从句中，包含一个because引导的原因状语从句，在此原因状语从句

17、中，我们注意到it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式结构to formulate，and后面的not others 与it is easier to formulate相连，翻译成汉语时，我们转译为“阐述其他概念就比较难”，逗号后是reasoned that宾语从句的主要部分the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another。,【参考译文】他推断，因为在某种特定的语言环境下阐述某些概念比较容易，而阐述其他就比较难，因此，那种语言的使用者们就沿着一种思路思考而不是另一种思路。,【真题例句】Just as

18、on smoking，voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。(2005阅读2)【结构分析】本句的主干在逗号之间，voices now come from，现在分词短语insisting作voice的后置定语，这里面包含两个that引导的名词性从句，分别为that the science about gl

19、obal warming is incomplete和that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure，第二个that从句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语由不定式短语充当，until we know for sure为时间状语从句。,【参考译文】就像对待吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球气候变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断地排放气体。,【真题例句】And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful

20、 mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control,to help us sleep and feel better。(2005阅读3)【结构分析】根据时态变形的says直接定位主干在句首：一名学术权威说，后面均为says后的宾语。在宾语从句中，转折连词not onlybut连接两个并列harnessed 和 brought 与前面be 构成被动的小谓语，介宾作联系紧密的be brought的状语，不定式to由逗号隔开，作整个从句的目的状语。,【参考译文】一名学术权威说，这些

21、强烈紧张的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，实际上也能被有意识地控制，以帮助我们睡得更好，并感觉更好。,【真题例句】As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including nonstandard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressivethere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas。(2005)【结构分析】本句的主干是he ackn

22、owledges that，其中that引导名词性从句作宾语。在此从句中，去掉插入语including nonstandard ones like Black English，得到主干为all varieties of human language can be powerfully expressive，破折号后是前句的同位语成分，进行递进说明，表现为一个there提前的全部倒装。在此部分中，that引导定语从句that cannot convey complex ideas修饰language or dialect。,【参考译文】作为语言学家，他声称所有类型的人类语言其中包括黑人英语这样的

23、非标准语言都有强大的表现力，在世界上不存在任何不能够表达复杂思想的语言或方言。,【真题例句】This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in，a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50%took a loss in 1989.(2005-48)【结构分析】本句的主干在句首，This alone demon

24、strates that，that引导宾语从句the television business is not an easy world to survive in，不定式短语to survive in 为后置定语修饰world。逗号后a fact为宾语从句的同位语，过去分词underlined by statistics作fact的后置定语。在此部分中，statistics的修饰语由that引导的定语从句that show，关系代词that在从句中作主语。在此定语从句中，show的宾语由从句that out of eighty European television networks no l

25、ess than 50%took a loss in 1989充当。,【参考译文】这一点就足以表明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实。数据表明，在80多个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年遭受亏损。,【真题例句】He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors i

26、n reasoning and in his own observations。(2008-46)【结构分析】本句是复合句。He believes that是主句部分。名词性从句that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage作believes的宾语。其中of连接的介宾短语作advantage的后置定语，宾语的部分由动名词短语forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence与and thus enabling him to detect err

27、ors in reasoning and in his own observations充当。,【参考译文】他认为，正是这个困难起了弥补能力欠缺的作用，迫使他长时间专注地考虑每一个句子，从而在推理和自己的观察中发现错误。,【真题例句】Darvin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character。(2008-50)

28、【结构分析】本句主干是Darvin was convinced that。其中宾语部分由that引导的名词性从句充当，从句的结构是the loss of these tastes was not only,butbe injurious to,and more probably to，是一个主系表结构，表语部分由三个并列平行结构充当。【参考译文】达尔文认为，对(音乐和绘画方面)兴趣的丧失，失去的不仅仅是一种乐趣，而且可能会伤害到智力，更有甚者还可能伤害到道德。,【真题例句】This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer,that there is an

29、advantage in not being too terrifically bright。(2009完形)【结构分析】本句主干为This suggests，后跟两个that引导的名词性从句that dimmer bulbs burn longer,that there is an advantage in not being too terrifically bright作宾语。注意suggest翻译为“表明”。【参考译文】这表明暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长，也表明暗淡是灯泡的一个优势。,【真题例句】We believe that if animals ran the labs,they wou

30、ld test us to determine the limits of our patience,our faithfulness,our memory for terrain。(2009完形)【结构分析】本句中We believe that是句子的主干部分，其中believe的宾语由that引导的名词性从句充当。在从句中，包含if引导的条件状语从句。注意使用了与现在相反的虚拟语气。【参考译文】我们认为如果动物也能进行试验的话，他们会测定我们的忍耐度、忠诚度以及对地形的记忆力。,【真题例句】Straifford president George Friedman says he sees

31、the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution,a spymasters dream。(2003阅读1)【结构分析】本句主干为Straifford president George Friedman says，其中says后是省略了that的宾语从句，词组seeas译为“把看成”，逗号后面a spymasters dream是同位语，对宾语从句进行补充说明。【参考译文】斯特福德公司的总裁乔治弗莱德曼说，网络世界是一个收集情报和发送情报

32、的工具，两者之间还能相互强化，是间谍头子梦寐以求的场所。,【真题例句】Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words a

33、nd do not know a thing。”(2004阅读4)【结构分析】本句主干为Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought，thought后为省略了that的宾语从句，(that)schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children。分号内为直接引语。【参考译文】拉尔夫瓦尔多爱默生以及其他一些超验主义哲学家认为，学校教育和僵化的书本学习会抑制孩子们的天性：“我们被关入学校和大学的背书室里10到15年，

34、出来时满腹经纶却什么也不懂。”,4.THAT引导同位语从句，说明先行名词的内容。,【真题例句】Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community。(2000英译汉)【结构分析】本句主干Governments throughout the world act on the assumption，that引导同位语从句that the we

35、lfare of their people depends largely on，对assumption 的内容进行具体说明。that在从句中不作成分，不翻译出来。【参考译文】各国政府行使其职能都基于这样一个前提，即人民的福利很大程度上取决于本国的经济实力和社会财富。,【真题例句】Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,to the extent that it constitutes“systematic

36、 patient abuse”。(2002阅读4)【结构分析】逗号前为本句主干，Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain，其中pain后为省略了关系代词that的定语从句，(关系代词在从句中作suffering的宾语)，逗号后介词短语为本句的状语，包含that引导的同位语从句，说明extent的具体内容。【参考译文】许多医生似乎对病人们正在遭受的并且不必要的痛苦无动于衷，甚至达到了构成“系统地虐待病人”的程度。,【真题例句】If good people do nothing,there is a real possib

37、ility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.(2003阅读2)【结构分析】逗号后为本句主干，一个there be句型。其中possibility后面为that引导的同位语从句，解释说明possibility的具体内容。句首部分为if引导的条件状语从句。【参考译文】如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的珍贵火种。,【真题例句】Therefore,it is important to study humans in all their ri

38、chness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner,with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth。(2003英译汉)【结构分析】本句为it作形式主语，不定式短语作真正主语的主系表结构。逗号后with所作伴随状语，其中包含一个同位语从句

39、that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to说明hope的具体内容。【参考译文】因此，冷静而系统地研究人类的丰富性和多样性是十分重要的，其目的是希望通过这些研究的成果使人类自身，也与其他的生命形式，在地球上更和谐地生存。,【真题例句】One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research。(2003阅读2

40、)【结构分析】该句子中，介宾because of所作的状语部分包含that引导的同位语从句，补充说明先行词“the theory”的内容。【参考译文】现在就有这样一场正在寻求终止生物医学研究的运动，他们的理论基础是动物有权拒绝被用于实验。,【真题例句】These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age。(2003阅读4)【结构分析】本句主干的表语proof后接由and并列两个that引导的同位语从句

41、，补充说明先行词“living proof”的内容prevention works“预防是可行的”和we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age“人们能处理随年龄增长而产生的健康问题”。【参考译文】这些领导人就是活生生的证据，证明预防是可行的，同时表明人们能处理随年龄增长而产生的健康问题。,【真题例句】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,Whorf developed the idea that the structure of

42、language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society。(200464)【结构分析】本句的主干在逗号后，Whorf developed the idea，that引导的同位语从句that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society解释说明idea的具体内容。句首部分being interested作全句的状语。【参考译文】由于对语言和思维关系的兴趣，沃夫形成一种思想语言结构决定一个社会习惯思维模

43、式。,【真题例句】Such behavior is regarded as“all too human”，with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.(2005阅读1)【结构分析】逗号前为主干。伴随状语with the underlying assumption中包含一个同位语从句that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed s

44、ense of grievance，解释前面的名词assumption。【参考译文】这种表现被认为是“再符合人性不过了”，也就是假定其他动物没有这样高度发达的不满意识。,【真题例句】Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states,large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws(2007完形)【结构分析】本句的主干由there be句型充当。belief

45、后为that引导的同位语从句，说明其具体内容。逗号后的large enough to和integrated 分别均为states的后置定语。【参考译文】一般来说，都认为新建立的国家必须是主权独立国家，面积够大可以维持经济上的独立生存，并且由一套共同的法律连接为一体。,【真题例句】Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for selfrule and democracy.(2007完形)【结构分析】本句主句为Egalitarian sen

46、timents were often tempered，介宾by fears作为状语表示原因，fears后的that引导的名词性从句用作同位语，表示担心的具体内容。【参考译文】平等主义的情绪因为担心大众没有准备好自治和民主经常得到缓和。,【真题例句】But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsi

47、bilities of the news media.(2007-48)【结构分析】本句的主干为But the idea thatrests on，idea后面接that引导的同位语从句that the journalist must understand，说明idea的具体内容。在此同位语从句中，我们注意到使用了比较结构。【参考译文】新闻记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律，这种观点基于他们对新闻媒体已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。,【真题例句】The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is o

48、ne of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.(2008完形)【结构分析】本句的主干为一个主系表结构充当The ideais主语idea后跟一个that引导的同位语从句，说明其具体内容。句末hypotheses后的that引导定语从句that dare not speak its name，that在从句中作主语指代先行词hypotheses。【参考译文】某个群体的人可能比其他人更聪明这一看法，是众多不敢公开的假设之一。,【真题例句】He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not

49、 previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested。(2008完形)【结构分析】句首部分为本句的主干He helped popularize the idea，同位语从句that some diseases not previously thought to说明idea的具体内容。从句中的主干为some diseases were actually infections，过去分词结构not

50、 previously thought to have a bacterial cause为后置定语，修饰diseases，逗号后为which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰限定前面的idea，关系代词which在从句中作主语。在此定语从句中，又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句，代词it也指代前文的idea。【参考译文】他帮助普及了这样一个概念：过去认为不是由细菌造成的一些疾病实际上是传染病。这种看法在最初提出时引起了很大争议。,(二)名词性wh-从句 由wh-词引导，包括who,whom,whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和wher