CH1软件工程课件.ppt
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1、软件工程学概述,计算机系 任洪敏HmR2009.9.,2,软 件 工 程,软件工程导论(第五版)张海藩 清华大学出版社(2007),教 材,3,软 件 工 程,实用软件工程(第四版)郑人杰 殷人昆 陶永雷 清华大学出版社(1996),软件工程-实践者的研究方法(英文版 第八版)Roger S.Pressman 机械工业出版社,参考书目,4,软 件 工 程,课程评分方法平时 30%+期末考试 70%=总评 100%作业、课堂表现 课程设计:单独计算成绩,5,软 件 工 程,Software Engineering Laboratory ProjectHome Design and Improve
2、ment System The Home Design and Improvement System,HDIS,is intended to integrate and unify all activities related to construction and improvements of homes.Constructing a new home or renovating an existing home can require a high number of interactions with numerous individuals,companies,and stores.
3、The purpose of HDIS is to utilize computing technology in a positive way to enhance,facilitate,and promote this activity.,6,软 件 工 程,计划:工作内容 Contractor Management Home Owner Management Architectural Management Interior Designer Landscape Management Schedule&Supplier Management Funding Management Land
4、 Office Management,7,图书管理系统,图书管理系统针对的用户是中型图书室,藏书的种类包括中、英、俄、德、日文书籍和期刊,读者的数量和来源仅限于本单位职工及通过馆际互借认可的读者。相应的需求有:能够存储一定数量的图书信息,并方便有效的进行相应的书籍数据操作和管理,这主要包括:,8,图书信息的录入、删除及修改。图书信息的多关键字检索查询。图书的出借、返还和资料统计。图书的远程预约和续借。馆际互借(通过电子邮件或现场录入)能够对一定数量的读者进行相应的信息存储与管理,这其中包括:,9,读者信息的登记、删除及修改。读者资料的统计与查询。能够对需要的统计结果提供打印输出。能够提供一定的
5、安全机制,提供数据信息授权访问,防止随意删改,同时提供信息备份的服务。,鼓励项目,移动互联网项目李开复:创新工作室,11,应提交的文档,软件需求规格说明书软件设计规格说明书系统测试报告书演示程序,12,软 件 工 程,要求:每组不超过5人,建议3-4人;组长负责:组织、分工、安排进度等 组长奖罚:带领全组顺利完成任务,总评+5分,否则-5分。小组成绩不过,组长负责 注意:标明每个人所做的工作与贡献 每人提问检查 程序代码不是第一位,13,软 件 工 程,目的 体验软件工程各阶段的主要工作,特别注意吸取教训;学会与他人合作,培养团队精神,单干户将得不到成绩。,现在开始:构想、分组行 动 起 来!
6、,第一次进度要求:1周分组,班长发到我处,指明组长,14,Late 1950s:,1.软件危机(Software Crisis),In the early days:“Software”=“Place a sequence of instructions together to get the computer to do something useful”.User Computer,Computer became cheaper and more commonHigh level languages were invented,Programmer,User,Computer,15,Ear
7、ly 1960s:Very few large software projects were done by some experts.,Hacker,Middle to late 1960s:Truly large software systems were attempted.例:美国IBM公司在1963年至1966年开发的IBM360机的操作系统。这一项目花了5000人一年的工作量,最多时有1000人投入开发工作,写出了近100万行源程序。.据统计,这个操作系统每次发行的新版本都是从前一版本中找出1000个程序错误而修正的结果。.,Cracker,16,这个项目的负责人F.D.Brook
8、s事后总结了他在组织开发过程中的沉痛教训时说:“.正像一只逃亡的野兽落到泥潭中做垂死的挣扎,越是挣扎,陷得越深,最后无法逃脱灭顶的灾难。.程序设计工作正像这样一个泥潭,.一批批程序员被迫在泥潭中拼命挣扎,.谁也没有料到问题竟会陷入这样的困境.”。IBM360操作系统的历史教训成为软件开发项目的典型事例为人们所记取。,Software Crisis!,17,一些数据:大约70的软件开发项目超出了估算的时间,大型项目平均超出计划交付时间20到50,90以上的软件项目开发费用超出预算,并且项目越大,超出项目计划的程度越高美国政府审计局:只有不到2的合同定购软件在发布时具有可用性98以上的项目都失败了
9、,yet,Success Hasnt Come Easily,31%,53%,16%,Successfully,Challenged,Canceled,19,软件危机,相关术语“两难境地(Crunch Mode)”:处于两难境地的项目面临着无法达到最初目标的威胁(费用、进度表、功能性等等),而项目团队在努力想要跨越该困境。“我们正处于两难境地,在半夜之前是不会回家的”“死亡行军(Death March)”:用来描述其进度表几乎不可能完成的项目。“这是一个死亡行军项目,我希望自己不要参与进去”,20,“Computer software has become a driving force.It
10、 is the engine that drives business decision making.It servers as the basis for modern scientific investigation and engineering problem solving.It is a key factor that differentiates modern products and services.It is embedded in systems of all kinds:transportation,medical,telecommunications,militar
11、y,industrial processes,entertainment,office products,the list is almost endless.Software is virtually inescapable in a modern world.And as we move into the twenty first century,it will become the driver for new advances in everything from elementary education to genetic engineering.”,21,更准确的说法:慢性痛苦(
12、chronic affliction)Suggested by Prof.Daniel Tiechrow,University of Michigan尽管忍受痛苦,但是软件依然在我们这个世界起着越来越重要的作用,但是如果能够医治痛苦,那么软件业将发展得更加健康。如何医治这种软件业的慢性痛苦?,22,1.软件危机,项目没有被很好地理解;计划不周,最终导致进度拖延。,例1.In the late 1960s,a bright-eyed young engineer*was chosen to“write”a computer program for an automated manufacturi
13、ng application.The reason for his selection was simple.He was the only person in his technical group who had attended a computer programming seminar.He knew the ins and outs of assembler language and Fortran,but nothing about software engineering and even less about project scheduling and tracking.,
14、问题出在哪里?,23,His boss gave him the appropriate manuals and a verbal description of what had to be done.He was informed that the project must be completed in two months.He read the manuals,considered his approach,and began writing code.After two weeks,the boss called him into his office and asked how t
15、hings were going.“Really great,”said the young engineer with youthful enthusiasm,“This was much simpler than I thought.Im probably close to 75 percent finished.”The boss smiled.“Thats really terrific,”he said.He then told the young engineer to keep up the good work and plan to meet again in a weeks
16、time.,24,A week later the boss called the engineer into his office and asked,“Where are we?”“Everythings going well,”said the youngster,“but Ive run into a few small snags.Ill get them ironed out and be back on track soon.”“How does the deadline look?”the boss asked.“No problem,”said the engineer.“I
17、m close to 90 percent complete.”If youve been working in the software world for more than a few years,you can finish the story.Itll come as no surprise that the young engineer stayed 90 percent complete for the entire project duration and only finished(with the help of others)one month late.,25,1.软件
18、危机,例2:In the early 1980s,the United States Internal Revenue Service(IRS)hired Sperry Corporation to build an automated federal income tax form processing system.According to the Washington Post,the“system has proved inadequate to the workload,cost nearly twice what was expected and must be replaced
19、soon”(Sawyer 1985).In 1985,an extra$90 million was needed to enhance the original$103 million worth of Sperry equipment.In addition,because the problem prevented the IRS from returning refunds to taxpayers by the deadline,the IRS was forced to pay$40.2 million in interest and$22.3 million in overtim
20、e wages for its employees who were trying to catch up.,26,1.软件危机,In 1996,the situation had not improved.The Los Angeles Times reported on March 29 that there was still no master plan for the modernization of IRS computers,only a six-thousand-page technical document.Congressman Jim Lightfoot called t
21、he project“a$4-billion fiasco that is floundering because of inadequate planning”(Vartabedian 1996).,Myth:If we get behind schedule,we can add more programmers and catch up.Reality:Software development is not a mechanistic process like manufacturing.In the words of Brooks,“adding people to a late so
22、ftware project makes it later.”,27,1.软件危机,没有充分的文档资料(documentation)Myth:The only deliverable for a successful project is the working program.Reality:A working program is only one part of a software configuration that includes programs,documents,and data.Documentation forms the foundation for successf
23、ul development and,more important,provides guidance for the software maintenance task.,VITAL!,人与人的交流比写程序困难得多。,Managers evaluate,track progress,.Programmers communicate to each otherMaintainers,28,1.软件危机,软件可靠性(reliability)缺少度量的标准,质量无法保证。如何保证软件产品的质量,是非常复杂困难的问题。特别对于规模庞大的软件,如:.,The software supporting t
24、he American space shuttle consists of 3 million lines of code,including computers on the ground controlling the launch and the flight;there were one hundred thousand lines of code in the shuttle itself in 1985.President Reagans proposed Strategic Defense Initiative(SDI)is estimated to require 10 to
25、100 million lines of code.Many computer scientists and software engineers continue to believe there is no way to write and test the software to guarantee adequate reliability.,29,1963年美国飞往火星的火箭爆炸,造成1000万美元的损失。原因是FORTRAN程序:DO 5 I=1,3 误写为:DO 5 I=1.3,1967年苏联“联盟一号”载人宇宙飞船在返航时,由于软件忽略一个小数点,在进入大气层时因打不开降落伞而烧
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