书面表达基础五大句型结构.ppt

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1、书面表达基础五大句型结构讲与练,一、主系表结构句型(1)主语+be+表语(名词/代词)【用法】在本句型中，名词或代词作表语，名词或代词可带附加成分。要注意主谓一致和时态问题。Im a college student.It must be a grammar mistake.,【练习】人类居住的唯一家园是地球。失败为成功之母。所有这些词典都对我帮助很大。门口那辆摩托车不是我的。倘若我是你，我就采纳他的建议。,The only home for man to live on is the earth.,Failure is the mother of success.,All these dict

2、ionaries are a great help to me.,The motorcycle at the gate is not mine.,If I were you,I would take his advice.,句型(2)主语+be+形容词+(介词短语)【用法】在本句型中，形容词作表语。用于本句型的形容词有：一般形容词，如 fine,busy,absent,rich,angry,different等；多数形容词后有固定的介词搭配。表语形容词，如ready,sure,certain,sorry,present,content,fond,alive,awake,asleep,alike

3、,alone,afraid,ashamed,aware等。跟of介词短语的形容词，如forgetful,doubtful,proud,full,free,short,careful,capable 跟of介词短语，用来描述人的品行或特点的形容词，如good,clever,kind,nice,foolish,silly,cruel,impolite,careless,stupid,right,unwise,wise,rude,wrong,naughty等。be rich in,be busy with,be responsible for,be angry with,be different f

4、rom,be fond of,【练习】中国自然资源丰富。王先生正忙于备课。他对他儿子学习上的进步感到自豪。他们缺少时间和钱。你真糊涂，竟然相信他说的话。他总是乐于助人。,China is rich in natural resources.,He is very proud of his sons progress in study.,They are short of time and money.,Its very foolish of you to believe what he said.,He is always ready to help others.,Mr.Wang is bu

5、sy preparing for his lessons.,【句型】(3)主语+be+现在分词【用法】在本句型中，现在分词作表语，大部分这类词已被看作形容词，它们用来修饰说明表示物的主语。用于本句型的现在分词有：amusing(有趣的),boring(令人厌烦的),disappointing(令人失望的),charming(迷人的),inviting(引人注目的,吸引人的),confusing(混淆的),exciting(令人兴奋的),embarrassing(令人为难的),discouraging(令人气馁的),disturbing(烦扰的),fascinating(迷人的),interes

6、ting,surprising(惊人的),missing,promising(有前途的),puzzling(令人迷惑的),shocking(骇人听闻的),striking(引人注目的),pleasing(令人高兴的),touching(动人的)，worrying(令人担心的)等。This poem is very moving.His speech was very boring.,1.他的话使人相当泄气.2.这部电影的结局是令人失望的.3.我放在桌上的英语书不见了.4.不断增长的死亡人数是骇人听闻的.,What he said was discouraging.,The end of the

7、 film is disappointing.,The English book I put on the desk is missing.,The increasing number of the death is shocking.,【句型】(4)主语+be+过去分词+(介词短语)【用法】在本句型中，过去分词作表语，且常常带介词短语，介词一般固定，不可随便选用。用于本句型的过去分词有：be worried about,be disappointed at,be prepared for,be based on,be lost in,be devoted to,be equipped wit

8、h,be absorbed in,be located in He is lost in thought.The room is equipped with air-conditioners.They are worried about their son.,1.我们要为下一次考试做准备.2.我对他频频迟到很失望.3.收到你的来信,我很高兴.4.我们的教学楼座落在花园的前方.,We must be prepared for the next exam.,I am disappointed at his being late again and again.,I was delighted to

9、 hear from you.,Our teaching building is located in front of the garden.,【句型】(5)主语+be+形容词+that从句【用法】在本句型中形容词作表语。连词that引导的从句在下列形容词后作宾语：sure,aware,careful,certain,determined等。that引导的从句在下列形容词后作状语：sorry,happy,glad,proud,satisfied,disappointed,pleased等。Well quite sure that he will succeed.Im very glad th

10、at you were able to come.,1.我恐怕有着不一样的观点.2.他很高兴得到了上大学的机会.3.我肯定这会对我们的自然环境造成影响.4.如此多的动物濒临灭绝,我感到很难过.,I am afraid that I have a different opinion.,He was glad that he got the opportunity to go to university.,I am sure that it will have an effect on our natural environment.,I feel sad that so many animals

11、 are endangered.,【句型】(6)主语+特殊连系动词+表语【用法】常见的“特殊连系动词”可分为三类：表示“变成某种状态”意义的系动词：become,come,fall,get,go,grow,make,prove,run,shine,turn,turn out,wear,work.表示“保持某种状态”意义的系动词：continue,die,go,hold,keep,lie,live,remain,rest,return,sit,stand,stay 表示“自己感觉或令人感觉”意义的系动词：appear,feel,look,seem,smell,sound,taste。Her id

12、eal has come true Why do you keep silent?,你的手摸起来很凉。Your hand feels cold.所有的树叶都变黄了。All the leaves have turned yellow.他们在讨论中全都保持沉默。They all remained silent in the discussion.,二、主谓结构【句型】(1)There+be+主语+状语【用法】在本句型中there仅起引导作用,本身无词义。谓语在前,主语在后,形成主谓倒装。动词be表示“有”或“存在”。谓语动词应与其紧邻的主语保持一致。be有时态的变化,也可加入情态动词。否定式是将n

13、ot加在be动词或助动词之后,作主语的名词前常常带有a/an/any。也可在主语前加no(no=not a/an.any)。have和there+be的区别：从结构上来讲,have前须有主语,而there+be结构的主语在谓语be 之后。从意义上来讲,二者都可译为“有”,但have表示“所有”,“占有”关系,译成汉语为“某人(物)拥有某(人)物”。而there+be结构表示“存在”关系,译为“某地(某时)有某物(某人)”。There is going to be a football match tonight.(将来时)There were many children in the park

14、 yesterday.(过去时)There hasnt been any rain for some days.(完成时)There must be no more time left.(情态动词)There used to be a cinema here before the war.(情态动词)Xiao Li has an English-Chinese DictionaryThere is an English-Chinese Dictionary on the desk.,【练习】桌上有盏灯，一本字典和几本笔记。There is a lamp,a dictionary and som

15、e notebooks on the table.花园里有许多苹果树。There are many apple trees in the garden.我的小车一定是出什么毛病了。There must be something wring with my car.这里战前曾有一座电影院。There used to be a cinema here before the war.,今年有个好收成。There will be a good harvest this year.近十天一直没有雨。There hasnt been any rain for ten days.这一对夫妇之间可能发生过争吵

16、。There might have been a quarrel between the couple.在上下班的拥挤时刻，应该有更多的公共汽车。There ought to be some more buses during the rush hour.,【句型】(2)There+动词+主语+状语【用法】在there+be结构中,谓语动词有时不用be而用：动词短语：seem to be(似乎),happen to be(碰巧有/碰巧是),be likely to be(可能有/可能是),appear to be(似乎/看起来)used to be(曾经有)；不及物动词：live(生活有/住着

17、),stand(伫立/站着),come,exist(存在),rise(升起),lie(位于/有),occur(发生/有),fly(飞),remain(仍/还有/保持)，stand(站/屹立),hang(挂着),rise(升起),run(流淌/行驶),occur(发生/出现)等。eg:There happened to be a bad flood that year.There once lived a poor farmer who had four sons.One evening there flew over the city a little swallow.There remain

18、ed just twenty-eight pounds.,双方之间发生了一些误会。There occurred some misunderstanding between both sides.从前中国有一个国王。Once upon a time there lived a king in China.似乎有个错误。There appears to be a mistake.一个陌生人出现在小镇上。There appeared a stranger in the small town.离湖不远有一座由人工堆起来的小山。There stands a man-made hill near the

19、lake.,火灾之后他的房子片瓦不留。There remained nothing of his house after the fire.墙上挂着毛主席的画像。There hangs a portrait of Chairman Mao on the wall.在我们社会里依然存在着阶级斗争。There still exists class struggle in our society.从小山背后升起了半个月亮。There rose a half moon from behind the hills.一条小溪围着村子流过。There runs a small stream around t

20、he village.,【句型】SV(3)There+be+主语+定语【用法】在there+be结构中,非谓语动词可作定语,相当于一个定语从句。如果被修饰对象和非谓语动词之间是主谓关系,且表示正在进行/状态,则用现在分词作定语;如是动宾关系,且表示完成,则用过去分词作定语;如表示将来发生的事情,则常用不定式主动式作定语,也可以直接用从句。There is a man waiting for you.There were ten people killed in the crash.There are ten soldiers to attend the celebration.There is

21、 a girl that I know.,有许多家务要做。Theres plenty of housework to do.我们没有一个可说话的人。There was no one for us to talk to.有几个人我希望你见见面。There s some people Id like you to meet.当心，有辆车正在开过来。Look out!There is a car coming.,这里有一台刚从日本进口的新水泵。There is a new pump just imported from Japan.现在有一个国际会议在这里召开。Now there is an int

22、ernational meeting being held.当时街上有一辆公共汽车和几个行人。There was a bus and some passengers at that time.老板告诉我有几封信要答复。The boss told me that there were several letters to be answered.,【句型】(4)主语+不及物动词+(状语)【用法】在本句型中，作谓语的动词是不及物动词。状语一般都是用来修饰谓语动词做表示的动作，说明动作发生的时间、原因、目的、条件、结果、方式、方法、状态等。作状语的可能是副词、介词短语、名词短语等。Birds sin

23、g beautifully.He went on holiday.We stopped to have a rest.Ill go swimming.,在地平线上升起了一轮红日。A red sun is rising from under the horizon.这台机器运转得不正常。This machine is not running correctly.我在海滨居住已有三月。I have been living at the seaside for three months.昨天在我家房子的外面发生了一个事故。The accident happened outside my house

24、yesterday.我们学校每天八时开始上课。Classes begin at eight in our school every day.,【句型】(5)主语+动词短语+(状语)【用法】在本句型中，作谓语的动词是不及物动词短语或短语动词。状语可能是副词，介词短语、动词不定式、分词或一个从句。The gas has given out.煤气用完了。My ink has run out.我的钢笔水用完了。The whole family go to church every Sunday.全家每星期天去教堂做礼拜。Those children are always quarrelling ove

25、r little things.那些孩子们总是为小事而争吵。,在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.有一些规则正在逐渐消失。Some of the rules are dying out gradually.他在敌人面前宁死不屈。He would rather die than give in before the enemy.现在人们的思想发生了很大变化。Now,a great change in the peoples thinking has

26、come about.哪里工作艰苦，他们就出现在哪里。They showed up where the work is difficult.,【句型】(6)主语+不及物动词+副词(状语)【用法】在本句型中，作谓语的动词是不及物动词，但有被动意义。状语多是副词，说明事物的性质或特点。Such houses rent easily.这样的房子很容易租出去。The door locks easily.这扇们很容易锁。,我们的产品在欧洲市场上非常畅销。Our products sell very well on the European market.这种不料很耐洗。This sort of clot

27、h washes well.这种火柴很容易划着。The match lights easily.这个计划进展顺利。The plan worked smoothly.那天他们都衣着漂亮整洁。They all dressed well and neatly that day.,【句型】(7)主语+不及物动词+不定式(状语)【用法】在本句型中，作谓语的动词是不及物动词。动词不定式作状语，表示动作的，说明动作发生目的、原因或结果。表示目的的是：(not)to do,in order(not)to do,so+adv.+(not)to do。表示结果的是：to do,only to do.He has

28、gone to fetch his cap.(目的)He stood up to see better.(目的)He looked up to see the door slowly opening.(结果)He shivered to think of that horrible idea.(结果),他大喊大叫以便引起大家的注意。He shouted so as to attract everybodys attention.他们来到机场，却发现飞机已经飞走了。They got to the airport only to find the plane had already left.他大

29、声地说，以便让人们听清楚他的话。He spoke loudly in order to make himself heard.为了赶上会议他早晨六点以前就动身了。He started before six in the morning in order to attend the meeting in time.看见孩子们在操场上玩，她笑了。She smiled to see the children playing on the playground.,三、主谓宾结构【句型】(1)主语+及物动词+名词/代【用法】在本句型中，及物动词作谓语,名词或代词的宾格作宾语。一些及物动词用于此结构，就可

30、表达完整的意义，无须添加其它成分。如果有状语，也可省略，一般不影响句意的完整。大多数这类动词可用于被动语态。I know her very well.He wrote two books last year.She changed his clothes.I drank a glass of beer.,刚才是谁接的电话？Who answered the telephone just now?我简直不能相信我的眼睛。I just could not believe my eyes.他立即听出是他的声音。He immediately recognized his voice.警察抓住了火车上的小

31、偷。The police caught the thief in the train.他们进行的一项科学实验很成功。They performed a scientific experiment successfully.,句型】(2)主语+及物动词+宾语+状语【用法】在本句型中，除主、谓、宾外，还有一个状语，状语多为介词短语。这里的状语不可省，否则话未说完，句意便不清楚。I put all the books in that box。I found a letter under his pillow.,他把桌子推近窗户。He pushed the table nearer the window

32、.她把她的婴儿抱在怀里。She carried her baby in her arms.我们跟随着化学老师进入办公室。We followed our chemistry teacher into his office.昨天校长领着外宾参观了我校。Yesterday our headmaster showed some foreign guests around our school.,【句型】(3)主语+及物动词+宾语+不定式【用法】在本句型中，动词不定式作状语表示目的或结果。表目的时，可在不定式前加for sb.，表示不定式的逻辑主语；可在不定式前加in order或so as。He op

33、ened the door to let the cat in.They will need two hours to finish the work.I put the book on the table for you to read.,昨天晚上他们开了个晚会来庆祝他们的成功。They gave a party to celebrate their success yesterday evening.他们学习英语是为了将来更好地工作。They study English in order to work better in the future.他买了一辆自行车给他儿子骑。He bough

34、t a bike for his son to ride.他每天做晨练，为的是增强体质。He does morning exercise every day so as to build up his body.,【句型】(4)主语+have+名词+不定式(短语【用法】在本句型中，谓语是have(got),不定式作名词的定语，表示“(主语)有某事要做”。不定式须为及物动词，若表示不定式的动作是句中主语做的，不定式用to do(主动式),若表示不定式的动作不是由句中主语做的，而是由其他人去做的，不定式用to be done(被动式)。He has nothing to say.We have n

35、obody to depend on.She has a nice room to live in.The manager has a document to be typed.,我今天下午有个会要参加。I have(got)a meeting to attend this afternoon.我有许多信要回。I have(got)a lot of letter to answer.那个秘书要处理的文件太多了。The secretary has(got)too many papers to deal with.我有一件行李要受检查。I have(got)a piece of luggage t

36、o be examined,【句型】(5)主语+动词短语+名词【用法】在本句型中，动词短语(一个及物动词，一个名词和一个特定的介词组成)作谓语，动词短语起及物动词的作用，后跟名词作宾语。变为被动语态的方式有两种：一是用动词短语中的名词作主语，二是用动词短语后面的宾语作主语。常见的动词短语如：catch sight of,lose sight of,take an interest in,take part in,pay a visit to,make use of,give care to,pay attention to,take care of等I didnt pay attention

37、to it at first.最初我没有注意到它。You should give more care to your study.你应当对学习更加认真。,我们必须争分夺秒掌握更多的知识。We must make good use of every minute to master some more knowledge.警察最后抓住了那个小偷。The police caught hold of the thief at last.应该更多地注意贫穷和饥饿。Some more attention should be paid to poverty and hunger.你必须改掉吸烟的不良习惯。

38、You must get rid of the bad habit of smoking.我们必须充分利用目前这良好的条件。We must take the fullest advantage of the present good condition.,【句型】(6)主语+及物动词+疑问词+不定【用法】在本句型中，疑问词引导的动词不定式作宾语。这种动词不定式一般都是表示尚未进行的动作，而不能表示已经进行或过去进行的动作。这种结构一般都可用宾语从句替换。常用于本句型的动词有：ask,explain,observe,understand,consider,forget,wonder,guess,

39、decide,remember,see,find out,determine,inquire,settle,discover,know,tell,think out,discuss,learn,think等。We havent determined when to start.Ill find out which number to dial.,我不知道选哪个好。I wonder/dont know which to choose.我们将讨论一下如何解决这个问题。We will discuss how to solve the problem.我不知道该向谁求助。I dont know who

40、m to turn to for help.我在考虑下步怎么办。Im thinking what to do next.他不知道讲话一开始该说什么好。He didnt know what to say at the beginning of his talk.,【句型】(7)主语+及物动词+that宾语从句用法在本句型中及物动词后跟连词that引导的宾语从句。that无任何词义，在一些常用动词之后可以省略。常用于本句型的动词有：accept,decide,hope,realize,announce,know,remember,answer,learn,mean,ask,mention,mind

41、,explain,say,notice,see,show,find,state,permit,等。用于“否定转移”的动词有：think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine，feel.宾语从句用虚拟语气的动词有：suggest，propose，recommend，advise，order，command,demand，request，require,instruct，insist，prefer,desire,wish.doubt用于否定句或疑问句时须用that,但在肯定句中须用whether.He has learned that he failed in the ex

42、amination.He regretted that the work had been left unfinished,我希望明天天气保持晴朗。I hope(that)the weather will stay fine tomorrow.他假装病了以便能待在家里。He pretended that he was ill so that he could stay at home.医生建议他不要再抽烟。The doctor suggested that he(should)not smoke any more我们认为没有必要买一台新电脑。We dont think its necessar

43、y to buy a new computer.他从不承认自己错了。He never admits that he is wrong.政府宣布他们将修建一条通向山区的新公路。The government announced that they would build a new highway to the mountain.,【句型】(8)主语+及物动词+“疑问词”从句【用法】在本句型中，宾语从句用疑问代词、疑问副词或连词whether/if引导，但宾语从句要用陈述句的语序。常用于本句型的动词有：tell,agree,discuss,know,see,ask,doubt,learn,sett

44、le,say，believe,explain,disagree,imagine,discover.I dont know if hell have a try at it.I doubt if he will succeed.Theyre discussing how they can solve the problem.,他还没有决定什么时候回国。He hasnt decided when he will leave for his homeland.我们讨论了什么时候召开全体人员会议。We discussed when the meeting of the whole staff was

45、to be held.他问王先生的手术是否成功。He asked if Mr.Wangs operation had been successful.他解释了怎样使用那台机器。He explained how the machine was used.你有没有发现这些日子以来是谁一直在给你送花?Did you ever discover who had been sending you the flowers these days?,四、主谓双宾结构【句型】(1)主语+及物动词+代词+名词【用法】在本句型中，及物动词有两个宾语，前一个是间接宾语，一般用人称代词宾格，用以指人，后一个是直接宾语，

46、一般用名词，用以指物。如果要强调间接宾语，或间接宾语太长，或直接宾语为人称代词，要将间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，并在间接宾语前用介词to He wrote a letter to the manage last night.Youve done a great wrong to your boy.,她把她的旧自行车卖给了我。She sold her old bicycle to me.下次来时请把那封信带给我。Bring me the letter next time you come.吸烟对你没有任何好处。Smoking wont do you any good.他把他的座位让给一位老人。He

47、 offered his seat to an old man.我已把这好消息告诉我所有的朋友了。I have told the good news to all my friends.,【句型】(2)主语+及物动词+名词+介词+名词【用法】在本句型中，及物动词除带一个直接宾语外，还通过一个介词带另一个宾语，一般称为介词宾语，这里介词不可省略，也不可任意选用。有些直接宾语带有附加成分，这时可将介词和介词宾语放在直接宾语之前。变为被动语态时，一般用直接宾语作主语，介词和介词宾语放在句尾，介词不可省略。explain sth.to sb.hear sth.from sb.add sth.to st

48、h,express sth.to sb.suggest sth.to sb.spend sth.on sth.name sb.after sth.waste sth on sth thank sb.for sth.stop sb.from-ing supply sb.with sth devote sb.to sthremind sb.of sth.tell sb.of sth.warn sb.of sth.,我们把自己的方案向委员会做了说明。We explained our plan to the committee.我们祝贺他通过了考核。We congratulated him on ha

49、ving passed the examination.他接到了大会的邀请信。He receive an invitation letter from the conference.护士致力于病人的护理事业。Nurses devote themselves to the care of the sick.,【句型】SVOO(3)主语+及物动词+名/代+that-clause【用法】在本句型中，及物动词带两个宾语，前一个为名词或人称代词，后一个为由连词that或wh-引导的宾语从句。用于本句型的动词有：advise,inform,promise,teach,remind,tell,convinc

50、e,persuade,show,warn,show,ask等。He told me that he would bring up the point at the next meeting.Facts have shown us that he is trustworthy.,她答应弟弟将给他写信。She promised her brother that she would write to him.他警告我说，那个人是很危险的。He warned me that the man was very dangerous.医生建议我卧床休息几天。The doctor advised me tha