第十二部分沟通.ppt
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1、第十二章 沟通,第一节 沟通的原理第二节 组织沟通第三节 沟通管理第四节 组织冲突与谈判,What Is Communication?,Communication involves the transfer of meaning.If no information or ideas have been conveyed,communication hasnt taken place.The speaker who isnt heard or the writer who isnt read doesnt communicate.,The philosophical question“if a
2、tree falls in a forest and no one hears it,does it made any noise?”must,in a communications context,be answered negatively(否定地).,However,for communication to be successful,the meaning must be imparted(告知)and also understood.A letter written in Portuguese addressed to a person who doesnt read Portugu
3、ese cant be considered communication until its translated into a language the person does read and understand.,Communication is the transferring and understanding of meaning.Perfect communication,if such a thing were possible,would exist when a transmitted thought or ideas was perceived by the recei
4、ver exactly as it was envisioned(设计)by the sender.,Another point to keep in mind(不忘记,列入考虑)is that good communication is often erroneously defined by the communicator as agreement instead of clarity of understanding.If someone disagrees with us,many of us assume that the person just didnt fully under
5、stand our position.In other words,many of us define good communication as having someone accept our views.,But I can understand very clearly what you mean and not agree with what you say.In fact,when observers conclude that a lack of communication must exist because a conflict has continued for a pr
6、olonged time,a close examination often reveals that theres plenty of effective communication going on.,Each fully understands the others position.The problem is that effective communication is being equated with agreement.,The Communication Process,Before communication can take place,a purpose,expre
7、ssed as message to be conveyed,must exist.It passes between a source(the sender)and a receiver.The message is converted to symbolic form(called encoding)and passed by way of some medium(channel)to the receiver,who retranslates the sender s message(called decoding).The result is the transfer of meani
8、ng from one person to another.,Figure 11-1 depicts the communication process.This model is made up of seven elements(1)the communication source,(2)the message,(3)encoding,(4)the channel,(5)decoding,(6)the receiver,(7)feedback.In addition,the entire process is susceptible(易受影响的)to noise-that is,distu
9、rbances that interfere with the transmission of the message.,Typical examples of noise include illegible print,telephone static(静电),inattention by the receiver,or the background sounds of machinery on the production floor.,Remember that anything that interferes with understanding-whether internal(su
10、ch as the low speaking voice of the speaker or sender)or external(such as the loud voices of co-workers talking at an adjoining(邻近的)desk)-can be noise.,Noise can create distortion(歪曲)at any point in the communication process.Because the impact of external noise on communication effectiveness is self
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