量子计算研究进展.ppt
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1、2023/6/26,1,量子计算研究进展,彭新华中国科学技术大学近代物理系2010.3.26,2023/6/26,2,量子信息,“Information is physical”.-Rolf Landauer 量子计算机:基于量子力学原理,存储、处理量子信息的计算装置。,量子计算量子通讯量子密码学,交叉领域,量子物理信息科学计算机科学,量子信息,2023/6/26,3,内容提纲,量子计算发展简介磁共振量子计算研究进展 未来研究方向,2023/6/26,4,一、量子计算发展简介,2023/6/26,5,计算机硬件历史,计算机硬件是信息处理的平台。,数值计算单元:机械齿轮/电子机械传动装置电子管(
2、1911-1946)晶体管(1947-1958)集成电路(1959-1970)大规模集成电路(1971-),2023/6/26,6,计算机历史,2023/6/26,7,1642,Pascal帕斯卡机械计算机,首次确立了计算机器的概念。概念,1834,Babbage差分机提出了分析机的概念,机械装置,2023/6/26,8,世界上第一台电子计算机-1946 ENIAC,Mauchiy and Eckert,2023/6/26,9,ENIAC,2023/6/26,10,1952,EDVAC,Von NeumannElectronic Discrete Variable Automatic Comp
3、uterContaining 2300 vacuum tubes,but 10 times faster than ENIAC(18000),2023/6/26,11,微处理器,1971 Intel 400410um,2300晶体管0.74 MHz,1978 Intel 80863um,29000 晶体管4.77MHz,2008,Core i745nm,5.82 billion晶体管2.66-3.2 GHz,2023/6/26,12,2023/6/26,13,摩尔定理,2023/6/26,14,2023/6/26,15,Getting Smaller,2023/6/26,16,2023/6/2
4、6,17,2023/6/26,18,当今微电子技术不久将面临物理极限!高速发展 vs.物理极限!热耗散&量子效应,科学技术发展趋势、国家重大战略需求,开辟全新的信息处理方式,发展以量子比特为基础的量子信息处理技术。,2023/6/26,19,量子计算机的发展史,In the 1970s Fredkin,Toffoli,Bennett and others began to look into the possibility of reversible computation to avoid power loss.Since quantum mechanics is reversible,a
5、possible link between computing and quantum devices was suggestedSome early work on quantum computation occurred in the 80s1982 Benioff:Quantum computers are universal.1982 Feynman:Quantum computer could simulate other quantum systems.1993 Bernstein,Vazirani and Yao:Quantum systems are more powerful
6、 than classical computers.,2023/6/26,20,量子计算机的发展史,Quantum algorithms1985 Deutsh:the first quantum algorithm1994 Coppersmith,Shor:quantum fourier transform,factorization1997 Grover:a unsorted quantum search algorithmImplementations1995 Monroe,Meekhof,King,Itano,Wineland:CNOT gate implemented in ion t
7、rap by NIST1997 Gershenfeld,Chuang,Cory,Fahmy,Havel:NMR quantum computing2001 Vandersypen et al.:Experimental realization of Shors algorithm2006:Negrevergne et al.Benchmarking quantum control on a 12-qubit system.,2023/6/26,21,量子比特,2023/6/26,22,量子态叠加原理,2023/6/26,23,可逆逻辑们,可逆逻辑们 克服热耗散问题封闭的量子系统按照哈密顿量做幺
8、正演化,本身就是可逆操作。,Classical,Quantum,2023/6/26,24,Classical vs.Quantum,Classical bits transistors 0 or 1,Quantum bits quantum systems 0 or 1or in-between,NAND,NOT,AND,NAND,NOT,CNOT Sqrt(NOT),These quantum gates allow operations that are impossible on classical computers!,2023/6/26,25,量子信息特点,高速计算大容量信息 存储、
9、传输保密通信,量子态叠加原理量子纠缠性量子态不可克隆定理,量子物理 原理支配下 的信息处理,2023/6/26,26,大数质因子分解,Problem:Given a l-bit integer N=pxq,to find its nontrivial prime factors p and q?N=?x?,Best-known classical Algorithms:,in sub-exponential time!,Shors algorithm:,In polynomial time!,The presumed difficulty of this problem is at the h
10、eart of certain algorithms in cryptography such as RSA.,2.P.Shor,in Proc.35th Annu.Symp.on the Foundations of Computer Science,(IEEE Computer Society Press,Los Alamitos,California,1994),p.124-134.,1.M.A.Nielsen and I.L.Chuang,Quantum Computation and Quantum Information.Cambridge University Press,Cam
11、bridge,2000.,2023/6/26,27,Time required:Classical vs.quantum,2.5 days,42 days,19000 years,Half a year,Age of universe,2023/6/26,28,The promise of Quantum Computation,Searching databases1 unsorted list of N entries how many queries?,1 month,27 minutes,Factoring Integers2 N=pq N has L digits given N,w
12、hat are p and q?,19000 years,42 days,1000 digits,1 L.K.Grover,PRL,79,4709(1997)2 P.Shor,Proc.35th Ann.Symp.On Found.Of Comp.Sci.,p.124(1994),2023/6/26,29,二、磁共振量子计算研究进展,2023/6/26,30,DiVincenzo判据:1.可扩展的具有良好特性的量子比特系统。2.能够制备量子比特到某个基准态。3.能够保持足够长的相干时间来完成各种 量子逻辑门操作。4.能够实现一套通用量子逻辑门操作。5.能够实现对量子比特的测量。,量子计算机的物
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