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1、英语词性的分类及用法,词性的分类,词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分十个大类。前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。实词:表示实在意义的词;虚词:不表示实在意义而表示语法意义的词。,1 名词 noun n.student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron.you 你3 形容词 adjective adj.happy 高兴的 4 副词 adverb adv.quickly 迅速地5 动词 verb v.cut 砍、割 6 数词 numeral num.three 三7 冠词 article art.a 一个 8 介词 preposition prep.at 在.9 连词 conju
2、nction conj.and 和 10 感叹词 interjection interj.oh 哦,名词(表示人或物名称的词),名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China,the United States 等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。(普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词)普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun(枪)2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family(家庭)(以上两类属于可数名词)3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物
3、,如:air(空气)4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概 念,如:work(以上两类属于不可数名词),名词复数的规则变化,1)以 y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加 s 变复数;如:two Marys,the Henrys,monkey-monkeys,holiday-holidays2)以 o 结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加-s,如:photo-photos,piano-pianos,radio-radios,zoo-zoos;b.加-es,如:potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes.3)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时:a.
4、加-s,如:belief-beliefs,roof-roofs,safe-safes,gulf-gulfs;b.去 f/fe 加-ves,如:half-halves,knife-knives,leaf-leaves,wolf-wolves,wife-wives,life-lives,thief-thieves.,其它名词复数的规则变化,名词复数的不规则变化,1)child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women2)单复同形,如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese 3)集体名词,以单
5、数形式出现,但实为复数。如:people,police,cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词。如:maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数;news 是不可数名词。,代词(代替名词的词),代词可以分为下列九类:1.人称代
6、词:They are my school mates.2.物主代词:Our friends have great concern for each other.3.反身代词:Take good care of yourselves.4.相互代词:We should help each other.5.指示代词:Who are these people?6.疑问代词:What are you doing?7.关系代词:She married Tony Harper,who is a student too.8.连接代词:Do you know who did it?9.不定代词:Do you k
7、now anything about it?代词是非常活跃的词,特别是不定代词,比较复杂,我们要熟练掌握。,一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。,通常,主格作主语,宾格作宾语通常,当单数的主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数的的主格作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Eg:He is my friend.Its me.They are from China.She lent me a book.I love it.Are you interested in them?,二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。
8、物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。,通常,形容词性物主代词相当形容词的用法,应该位于名词的前面;名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,之后不接名词。Eg:I like his car.Our school is here and theirs is there.This is your picture.And that is mine.,三、指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。,Eg:That is a good idea.I love those books.These people are my friends.,四、自身代词,也称
9、为反身代词,表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词。,反身代词的用法:1.用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后,或句末),如:The box itself is not so heavy.You said it yourself.2.用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语),如:Take good care of yourself.3.用作表语,如:The poor boy was myself.,Eg:We should love each other.Tom and Betty are friends,so they always help each other
10、.Our students learn one another.,五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有 each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。,Eg:I want something hot.Do you need some coffee?There is nothing good.All of you are students.,六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,every-,no-加上body,one,thing的合成代词,如anybody,s
11、omething,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。,七、疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句),What are you?Who is his coat?Whose bag is this?Which do you prefer?The blue one or the white one?Could you tell me what is his name?Mother asked which one I wanted
12、.,八、关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导定语从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。,He is the man whom you have been looking for.I hope I can find a job that I can devote myself to.This is the book whose covering is old.That is the same food as you want.,形容词,用来表示人或事物的性质
13、、状态和特征的词称为形容词。,注意:1.有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone,afraid,asleep 等。例如:The old man is alone.2.形容词用来修饰something,anything,nothing,everything 等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。例如:Youd better tell us something interesting.,形容词在句子中的位置,作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词前。a big yellow wooden wheel.,作表语时放在连系动词之后。The price sounds reasonable.,作宾语补足
14、语时放在宾语之后。We must try our best to keep our environment clean.,后置的情况:修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。Something serious has happened to him.与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。Hes 1.8 metres tall.,注意:,一.以-ly结尾的形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yea
15、rly,early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.二.用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 三.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)-出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous
16、 German medical school,副词,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词,一、副词的位置 1.在许多情况下,副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。The girl dances very well.2.有时也放在主语后面,谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。He angrily closed the door.3.句中的副词如碰上助动词,be动词,则通常放在助动词,be动词之后,实义动词之前 We have already read the book.,二.副词的分类,1、时间和频度副词:now,then,often,always,u
17、sually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently,seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately,hardly,finally,shortly,before,ago,sometimes,yesterday.2、地点副词:here,there,everywhere,anywhere,in,out,inside,outside,above,below,down,back,forward,home,upstairs,downstairs,across,along,round,arou
18、nd,near,off,past,up,away,on.3、方式副词:carefully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fast,well,calmly,politely,proudly,softly,warmly,4、程度副词,放在被修饰词之前:much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite,perfectly,enough,extremely,entirely,almost,slightly.5、疑问副词:how,when,where,why.6、关系副词:when,where,why.7、连接副词:how,
19、when,where,why,whether.,三、副词的排列顺序,1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。The children played games very quietly in their room by themselves yesterday。,注意:1 副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。改错:(错)I very like English.(对)I like English ve
20、ry much.注意:2副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.,动词动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词。例如:run;work;sleep等。,动词的分类:根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。如:We have lunch at 12.我们12点吃午饭。(have是行为动词)We have bee
21、n to New York.我们去过纽约。(have是助动词)I am hungry.我饿了。(am是连系动词)She was beaten on the way home.(was是助动词)You neednt have waited for me.你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词)The door needs painting.这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词),行为动词的分类:及物动词与不及物动词 根据后面是否带宾语,行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词(vt.)后面要跟宾语,不及物动词(vi.)不跟宾语。如:They study hard.(study后没有宾语,是
22、不及物动词)I know them well.(know后有宾语them,是及物动词)注:有的动词既可作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词.如:She sings very well.(sing是不及物动词)She sang an English song just now.(sing是及物动词)延续性动词和非延续性动词 根据动作是否延续,行为动词又分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。如:rain,live,work,learn是延续性动词,go,come,leave,start,是非延续性动词。注:非延续性动词在肯定句中通常不与表示时间段连用的for短语连用。如:译 他离开这里三天了。误 He has
23、left here for three days.正 He has been away from here for three days.正 He left here three days ago.,系动词系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词。有些不具词义;有些具有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。,1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand。3)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有s
24、eem,appear,look4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste 5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run 6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turn out,表达证实,变成之意,助动词最常用的助动词有:be,have,do,shall,will,should,would,1)助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,a.表示时态,He has got married.b.表示语态,He was sent to Eng
25、land.c.构成疑问句,Do you like college life?d.与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,I dont like him.e.加强语气,He did know that.,情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。,只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would)可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare具有情态动词特征:have(had,has)to,used to,实义动词实义动词意
26、思完全,能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词(及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词),Think,want,play,drive等,动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。,数词(表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。),一、基数词 基数词写法和读法二、
27、序数词 序数词的缩写形式:first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st三、数词的用法 1)倍数表示法2)分数表示法,基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:a.与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人;b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里;如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。c.表示几十岁;d.表示年代,用 in+the+数词复数;e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5=15 Three fives is(are)fifteen.,数词的用法,1)表示倍数 o
28、nce,twice,three times2)表示分数构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:1/3 one-third;3/37 three and three-sevenths.,介词,介词按结构可分为三类:1简单介词(约有70个),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。2分词介词(约15个),如:during,following,considering,regarding,judging,talking等。3短语介词(约有500个),如:out of,apart from,bec
29、ause of,by means of等。介词按意义可分为三类:1.时间介词,如:at,on,in,during,over,from,for,until等。2.地点介词,如:at,on,in,across,to,over,between,inside,3.其它介词,如:by,with,about,except,instead of,due to,在英语中,介词不可单独使用,后面必须跟名词、动名词或句子构成介宾结构等。介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作
30、状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词,,介词,介词按结构可分为三类:1简单介词(约有70个),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。2分词介词(约15个),如:during,following,considering,regarding,judging,talking等。3短语介词(约有500个),如:out of,apart from,because of,by means of等。介词按意义可分为三类:1.时间介词,如:at,on,in,during,over,from,for,
31、until等。2.地点介词,如:at,on,in,across,to,over,between,inside,3.其它介词,如:by,with,about,except,instead of,due to,在英语中,介词不可单独使用,后面必须跟名词、动名词或句子构成介宾结构等。介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词,,介词,介词按结构可分为三类:1简单介词(约有70个
32、),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。2分词介词(约15个),如:during,following,considering,regarding,judging,talking等。3短语介词(约有500个),如:out of,apart from,because of,by means of等。介词按意义可分为三类:1.时间介词,如:at,on,in,during,over,from,for,until等。2.地点介词,如:at,on,in,across,to,over,between,inside,3.其它介词,如:by,with
33、,about,except,instead of,due to,时间名词前介词用法口诀 年前周前要用in,具体日子要用on,遇到几号也用on,上午下午得是in,要说某日上下午 用on换in记清楚,午夜黄昏用at,黎明用它也不错,at用在时分前,说“差”可要用上to,说过要用past,在英语中,介词不可单独使用,后面必须跟名词、动名词或句子构成介宾结构等。介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词,,连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。1.并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and,but,or,nor,so,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,(and)then 等。2.从属连词经常引导一个从句,如:when,where,because,if,as 等。,连词(连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分,而只起连接词与词、短语与短语以及句与句的作用。),
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