英语文体学基础(语篇结构).ppt
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1、英语文体学基础,语篇结构与功能,什么是语篇呢?,“它可以是一个词它可以是一个词组或短语它可以是一个小句它可以是一幅对联、一首小诗、一篇散文、一则日记、一部小说(三部曲或其中的章节);它也可以是一句口号、一支歌曲、一次对话、一场口角、一次长达两三个小时的讲演”Roughly speaking,it refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause,and therefore to study larger linguistic units,such as
2、conversational exchanges or written texts.Linguistic communication always appears in textual form.,英语语篇的模式研究,语篇的组织模式(textual pattern)可以定义为“构成语篇的关系的组合”。英语中有多种语篇模式,常见的模式是:问题解决一般特殊主张反应提问回答,问题解决模式的宏观结构一般由情景(situation)、问题(problem)、反应(response)、评价(evaluation)或结果(result)四部分组成。,Situation(optional),Aspect of
3、 situation requiring a response(i.e.Problem),Response,Positive Evaluation,Positive result,Positive Result/evaluationcombined in a single statement,Basis(optional),positive Evaluation(optional),Most people like to take a camera with them when they travel abroad.But all airports nowadays have X-ray se
4、curity screening and X rayscan damage film.One solution to this problem is to purchase a specially designed lead-lined pouch.These are cheap and can protect film fromall but the strongest X rays.,问题解决模式是英语中极为常见的语篇模式,经常用于说明文、广告、科技文章、实验报告、新闻报道以及故事、小说等文学作品中。,一般特殊模式又可称作概括具体模式,其宏观结构由三个成分组成:概括陈述、具体陈述和总结陈述
5、。其表现形式有两种:先概括再举例;先整体后细节。,General statement,Specific statement 1,Specific statement 2,Specific statement 3,General statement,General statement,Specific statement,Even more specific,Even more specific,General statement,Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation.Albert Einstein,after a
6、 lengthy examination of the characteristics of matter and energy,formulated his famous Theory of Relativity,which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics.Using plaster casts of footprints,fingerprints,and stray stands of hair,a detective pertinaciously pursues the criminal.After
7、years of work,Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra0f some 350,000 stars.Investigations into the causes of polio have provided us with the means for prevention and cure of this dreaded disease only after many years of research.As students,we too are determined in our investig
8、ation to find,retain,and contribute to the store of human knowledge.,这一模式在宣传材料、自然科学、社会科学的论说文中,在文学作品、百科全书中很常见。,主张反应模式也叫做主张反主张模式(claimresponse/counterclaim pattern)。其宏观结构包括“情景”,“主张”,“反应”三部分。,Situation,Claim,Reason for claim,Denial or negative evaluation of claim,Correction,Reason for correction,Affirm
9、,Reason for affirm,Reason for denial,I have in my possession a copy of a press release from Sir Aaron Klug,the president of the Royal Society dated April 1996a month after it was officially admitted that BSE was probably the cause of the new variant CJD.In it he stated that“the sheep from the diseas
10、e,called Scrapie,is known not to infect humans.”we know no such thing.What we know is that we do not know whether Scrapie can infect humans and cause CJD,a very different matter.,这一模式的词汇标志包括:提出主张的词汇有:assertion,assumption,Belief,claim,conclusion,expect,guess,illustration,speculation,Suggestion,theory
11、,think等;在反应部分,标志词汇有:affirm,agree,Confirm,concur,evidence,fact,know,real;contradict,challenge,Correct,deny,dismiss,disagree,mistake,object to,not true等。,提问回答模式一般是在语篇的开头提出一个问题,然后语篇的展开主要是寻求对所提问题的令人满意的回答。其宏观结构是情景、提问、回答与肯定或否定评价。情景可有可无,若对回答是否定评价,则预示着模式的循环,直到令人满意的回答。,(Situation),Question,Answer,Positive ev
12、aluation,Rejection,与问题解决模式不同的地方在于:提问-回答模式通常在语篇开头有显性的带有疑问号的疑问句;二是这种模式的动机是寻求一个令人满意的回答;三是提问回答模式是匹配-比较型,而不是序列型,模式主要是通过重复法获得信号标志,提问与回答之间没有逻辑顺序关系。提问回答模式经常出现在演说、政论、说教、报道等语篇中。,Hartwell&Bentley(1982)认为英语的语篇模式有四种:1)列举型:常用于说明做事的顺序、步骤,也常见于历史读物。常用的语篇指示词有first,second,last,before等;,2)对比型:通常以两个比较项为一组进行比较,以说明相关思想的同与
13、不同。用于说明比较项共同点的语篇指示词有and,also,besides,too,next,or,moreover,in addition,further,as well as,likewise,just as,similarly,equally,in the same way,the same as等;用于说明不同点的指示词有:but,however,yet,nevertheless,on the one(other)hand,contrary,in contrast,rather,although,while,different from,oppositely等。,3)问题回答型,也称问题
14、解决型。这里的问题可以是直接提问的问题,也可以是某种情况下发生的问题。回答可以是对所提问题的应答,也可以是对存在问题的解决办法。其语篇图式特征为:Question answer/problem solution;,4)原因结果型:其常用语篇指示词有:as a result,consequently,thus,because,according to,therefore,since,for,so,hence等。,几种思维模式的图式,Example&illustration GeneralizationExample 1Example 2 Example 3,Narration A story a
15、bout Xevent 1event 2event 3,Cause&Effect Effect Cause Contributing cause 1 effect 1Contributing cause 2 effect 2Contributing cause 3 effect 3,据蔡基刚(2003),英语议论文大致有6种模式问题解决型:提出问题或现象分析造成的原因分析产生的影响提出解决的办法如何做事型:指出做某事的重要性然后分析如何做某事的过程比较事物型:提出要比较的事物指出一事物的优缺点指出另一事物的优缺点平衡两事物或偏向一事物阐述观点型:提出观点阐述坚持其重要性分析抛弃其危险性评论事物
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