英语修辞大全(包含例句).ppt
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1、1.Definition of figure of speech,A figure of speech is a word or phrase which is used to create a particular mental image or effect,and which does not have its usual or literal meaning.,We are said to be speaking or writing figuratively when we use words in non-literal senses to lend force to an ide
2、a,to heighten effect,or to create atmosphere.For example,it is more vivid and colorful to say that stars“twinkly like diamonds”in the sky,than to say simply that they“shine brightly in the sky.Similarly,“Imperialism is a paper tiger”is an expression more suggestive of outward ferocity and inner weak
3、ness than the literal statement“Imperialism appears to be strong but inwardly it is weak.”,2.Different figures of speech,1)simile 2)metaphor 3)metonymy 4)synecdoche5)personification 6)euphemism7)hyperbole,8)irony 9)transferred epithet 10)oxymoron11)pun,1.simile,A simile makes a comparison,but is dif
4、ferent from an ordinary,literal comparison.When we say“Jim looks like his brother”,we are making an ordinary literal comparison,for(a)we are comparing two like elements Jim and his brother are both human beings;and(b)we mean Jim is literally like his brother in appearance.,But when we say“Jim and hi
5、s brother are as like as two peas”,we are using a simile,for(a)we are comparing two unlike elements human beings and peas;and(b)we dont mean Jim and Billy are literally like peas,but only that they have one thing in common with peas:great similarity in appearance.,Simile is a figure of speech in whi
6、ch two essentially unlike things are explicitly compared,usually by means of words like,as,or as if.It makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.,Characteristics of a parative words:like/as;b.tenor;vehicle c.totally different things of dif
7、ferent properties.d.one quality in common,E.g.They were packed into the bus like sardines.tenor vehicleThe wind is biting into my skin like a mad dog.tenor vehicleWhy are you rushing like a chicken with its head cut off?tenor vehicleIt was snowing heavily and a thick white blanket covered everything
8、.The branches of the bare trees tenorlooked like white arms against the night sky.vehicle,Patterns of simile,a.X is like Y My wifes new hat is like a lighthouse(灯塔).Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.b.Xas/(asas)/as if/though Y You cannot hope to move me,as you cannot expect the
9、 sun to rise in the west.Men fear death,as children fear to go in the dark.(Francis Bacon),c.X is to A what Y is to B Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.Judicious(明智的,审慎的)praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.d.X is no more than Y A home without love is no more than a bod
10、y without a soul.e.X and Y(This is a special simile,which often occurs in English proverbs.)A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.Truth and roses have thorns about them.,2.metaphor,A metaphor,like a simile,also makes a comparison between two unlike elements,but unlike a simile,this comparison
11、 is implied rather than stated.In a simile,the words like,as,as so are used to make the comparison,as in Jim was as cunning as a fox.The world is like a stage.In a metaphor,however,the comparison would appear simply as(1a)Jim was a fox.(2a)The world is a stage.,So metaphor is a figure of speech in w
12、hich a word or phrase that ordinarily and primarily denotes one thing is applied to another in an implied comparison.e.g.Water is the lifeblood of agriculture.tenor vehicleOur solar system includes the mother sun and her nine offspring.tenor vehicleMetaphors can be used in various forms.Nouns,verbs,
13、adjectives,and adverbs can all be used in a metaphorical way.,Patterns of metaphor,a.Full length metaphor:X is Y.Education is not the filling of a pail,but the lighting of a fire.(William B.Yeats)教育不是往桶里倒水,而是把火点燃。She was strangled in the net of gossip.,b.Compressed metaphor:If a metaphor states only
14、 one term of the comparison,leaving the other implicit,such a metaphor is compressed metaphor.There is only a tenor,and the vehicle is indicated by a verb,an adjective,an adverb,etc.The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it.My sister has starry eyes.,c.Extended metaphor:An extended metap
15、hor is a metaphor which is developed by a number of different figurative expressions,extending perhaps over several clauses or sentences,and involving several tenors and vehicles.Some books are to be tasted,others swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.(Francis Bacon),3.metonymy,Both meton
16、ymy and synecdoche fall into the category of substitution,using one thing to refer to another.Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another closely associated with it.It is to use something that has some connection with the subject to stand for the subject.The
17、 substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it.In other words,it involves a“change of name”,the substituted name suggesting the thing meant.E.g.,Men have heads/minds,women hearts.wisdom,reason kindnessThe two countries have never crossed swards with each o
18、ther.fightScepter(国王或女王在仪式中手持的)权杖 and Crown must tumble down.the ruling classOnly the knife can save him.doctor,operationShe reads Shakespeare to improve her English.Shakespeares worksThe pen is mightier than the sword.books,articles weapon,Metonymy can be derived from various sources from names of
19、persons,from animals,professions,locations or place names,etc.,as listed below:a.names of personsJohn Bull:England,or the English peopleUncle Sam:The United States of AmericaIvan:The Russian peopleJohn Doe:ordinary American citizen,b.animalsBritish Lion:England or the English governmentthe bear:The
20、former Soviet Union or the Soviet governmentc.parts of the bodyHeart:feelings or emotionsHead,brain:wisdom,intelligence,reasone.g.Use your brains.Gray hair:old age,d.professionsthe bar:the legal professione.g.He has been called to the bar.the bench:the position of judge or magistrate法官e.g.He has bee
21、n appointed to the bench.the veil:vocation of a nune.g.She took the veil at 20.the press:newspaper,newspaper reporterse.g.Hes meeting the press this morning.,e.location of government,of business or industrial enterprisesDowning Street:the British government or cabinetThe White House:the President of
22、 Executive branch of the U.S.governmentCapitol Hill:the Legislative branch of the U.S.governmentthe Pentagon:the U.S.military establishmentKremlin:the government of the former Soviet UnionFleet Street:the British pressWall Street:U.S.financial circlesMadison Avenue:American advertising industryHolly
23、wood:American film-making industryFoggy Bottom:U.S.State Department,4.synecdoche,Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole,the whole for a part,the specific for the general,the general for the specific,or the material for the thing made from it.For instance:,Great minds
24、think alike.PeoplePlease give us our daily bread.NecessitiesThe fox goes well with your cap.Muffler(厚围巾)made of foxs furHe trod the boards for a living.Stage Spring would vanish with the rose.Flowers,a.the part for the wholeHand:(1)member of a ships crew All hands on deck.(2)worker,laborer,helper Th
25、ey were short of hands at harvest time.Head:person He paid the workers$5 per head.,Heart:brave fellowYet there were some stout hearts who attempted resistance.(C.S.Forester)Legs:(coll.)persons on foot,the infantry(步兵)The legs could hardly keep up with the tanks(坦克).Bread:food,esp.staple food主食Give u
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