英文科技论文写作-语法和修辞.ppt

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1、from:The ACS Style Guide:A Manual for Authors and Editors,1st edition(1986),2nd edition(1997),英语科技论文语法和修辞（表达）概要,一点说明不同来源的资料，说法不完全相同气象科技英文编辑曾晓梅：“信中谈到的问题我也注意到了。不同的书、不同出版单位有自己的说法和做法，不同国家的英文，差异也很大。,我在中国科技期刊研究上文章根据的是几本美国大学英语课常用教学参考书（已列作该文的参考文献），我习惯遵守这几本书的规定。实际上，一些权威的书和期刊上前后都不一致。现在，我在改稿时的做法是，在两者均有根据（或范例）时

2、，一般来说不改，除非文中内容是指个体还是整体非常明显。*”*指主谓一致。,第1部分 几个语法问题科技英语写作语法错误举例 第2部分 修辞与表达英语写作表达的几个问题,平山健三 英语化学论文写作方法市原 英语论文的写作方法孙娴柔 实用英语科技论文写作周春晖 科技英语写作冯志杰 汉英科技翻译指要任胜利 英语科技论文撰写与投稿 英文现刊以及英文学术专著,第1部分 几个语法问题,科技英语写作语法错误举例1Subject-Verb AgreementsRestrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesDangling Modifiers（垂悬修饰语）4 Awkward Omis

3、sions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs,1 Subject-Verb Agreements（1）在主语中含并列连词“and”时，应正确区分是单个主语还是并列主语。若属前者，谓语动词为单数形式，若属后者，谓语动词则为复数形式。例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environments are described.说明 The subject is“application”,which is singular.Application of this

4、technique to is described.,例2 Description of the experimental conditions and the results of the present investigation is made in detail in this paper.此句中的主语为description,the experimental conditions and the results是并列的，与of 构成介词短语作定语，故谓语动词用“is made”。,例3 The experimental condition and the result of the

5、present investigation are described in detail in this paper.此句中的主语为the experimental condition and the result,为并列主语，故谓语用are described.,Sometimes,two singular subjects joined by“and”cause this error.例4 Growth and isolation of M13 virus was described,Growth and isolation of M13 virus were described.,Ex

6、ception:A subject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb.例5 The name and address of each contributor is given on the title page.例6 Research and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists.R&D department,(2)However,when two or more subjects are joined b

7、y“or”,the verb takes the number of the closest subject.例7 Application or uses were noted.Uses or application was noted.例8 The appropriate metal ion concentration or the rate constants were used.The rate constants or appropriate metal ion concentration was used.,当两个以上主语以 or,neithernor,eitheror,not on

8、lybut also 等组句时，谓语动词应与其最近的名词在人称和数上保持一致。例9 Either ethylene chlorohydrin or bromohydrin is treated with strong alkali to give ethylene oxide(与 bromohydrin 一致).,例10 Coagulation of an AgCl precipitate occurs at the equivalence point,where neither chloride nor silver ions are in excess.(与ions一致)例11 Not o

9、nly CS2 but also CuSO4 and AgCl were purified before the use(与CuSO4 and AgCl一致),在“there is”，“there are”句型中，主语为复合主语时，谓语动词与靠近的主语一致例12 There was a professor and several students in the library.There were several students and a professor in the library.,（3）Collective nouns take a singular verb when the

10、group as a whole is meant;in that case they are often preceded by the word“the”.Collective nouns take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant;in that case,they are often preceded by the word“a”.contents majority range couple number series dozen pair variety group,例13 The series is arra

11、nged in order of decreasing size.说明 Refers to the series as a unit.例14 A series of compounds were tested.说明 Refers to each compound.,例15 The number of metal amides synthesized was the largest to date.(Refers to the number as a unit.)A number of metal amides were synthesized.(Refers to each amide.)例1

12、6 The series of compounds was prepared to test the hypothesis.(Refers to the series as a unit.)A series of compounds were tested.(Refers to each compound.),例17 A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins(Mn500-700)has been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2C

13、O3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O.,A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins(Mn500-700)heve been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O.,an average of+数词（意思为平均数量有之多）作主语，谓语动词用复数形式,An average of 100 k

14、inds of reagents were in regular supply from the company each year.,the average of+数词 意思为平均数（值）作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。,The average of a series of values is obtained simply by adding all the individual values and dividing the sum by the number of values.（=The average of a series of values is obtained simply b

15、y adding all the individual values and dividing the sum by the measurement times.）,（4）“Data”can be a singular or plural noun.例18 Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported results.说明 Refers to the data as individual results.例19 After the data are distributed,we can meet

16、 to discuss them.,After the data is distributed,we can meet to discuss it.说明 Refers to the whole collection of data as one unit.,（5）Units of measurement are treated as collective nouns and therefore take a singular verb.例20 The mixture was stirred,and 5 mL of diluent were added.,The mixture was stir

17、red,and 5 mL of diluent was added.,例21 Five grams of NaCL were added to the solution.,Five grams of NaCL was added to the solution.,例22 Three weeks are needed to complete the experiment.,Three weeks is needed to complete the experiment.,例23 None of the samples was soluble.None of the samples were so

18、luble.说明 Refers to individuals.例24 This group of workers are well aware of their responsibilities.,This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities.说明 Refers to the group as a unit.,（6）某些特殊变化的复数名词切不可误认为是单数名词，这样的词（如analyses,bacteria,criteria,formulae,phenomena,spectra，data等）作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。

19、例25 Extensive data on the thermodynamical properties of the elements are available.例26 The IR absorption spectra provide significant information regarding functional groups.,（7）Nouns ending in ics and denoting a scientific discipline are usually singular.dynamics mechanics kinetics physics mathemati

20、cs thermodynamics Mechanics involves the application of Newtons three laws of motion.The kinetics of electron transfer to and from photogenerated radicals was examined by laser flash photolysis.The thermodynamics is governed by the positions of the valence and conduction bands.,（8）Compound subjects

21、containing the words“each”,“every”,and“everybody”may take singular verbs.例27 Each flask and each holder was sterilized before use.,Both components of the compound subject must contain the words in question.Otherwise,the verb must be plural.例28 Each student and all of the professors were invited.,（9）

22、Sometimes,one of these words is implicit;such cases take a singular verb.例29 Each name and address is entered into the database.,（10）Indefinite pronouns themselves(or adjectives combined with the indefinite pronoun“one”)can be the subject of the sentence.Those that take a singular verb are“each”,“ei

23、ther”,“neither”,“no one”,“every one”,“anyone”,“someone”,“everyone”,“anybody”,“somebody”,and“everybody”.,例 30 Each was evaluated for its effect on metabolism.例 31 Neither disrupts the cell membrane.例 32 Regarding compounds 1-10,every one reacts with the control agent.例 33 Someone measures the volume

24、every day.,Those that take a plural verb are“several”,“few”,“both”,“and“many”.例34 Several were evaluated for their effects on metabolism.例35 Few disrupt the cell membrane.例36 Regarding compounds 1 and 2,both react with the control agent.例37Many were chosen to be part of the study.,Those that take ei

25、ther a singular or plural verb,depending on context,are“some”,“any”,“none”,“all”,and“most”.The number of the object of the preposition determines the number of the indefinite pronoun related to it.例38Some of the money was stolen.例39 Some of the books were lost.例40Not all the disks are here;some were

26、 lost.,（11）When a fraction is the subject of the sentence,the number of the attendant object of the preposition determines the number of the subject.例41 Onethird of the precipitate was dissolved.例42 Onefourth of the electrons are excited.例43 The remainder of the compounds are yet to be described.,（1

27、2）Most of（plenty of,a lot of）+复数名词 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；Most of（plenty of,a lot of）+不可数名词 作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式 Most of the better-known organic solvents are all suitable for these tests.There is plenty of distilled water in the bottle.(其中的 water是不可数名词。),There are plenty of test tubes on test table.There is plen

28、ty of food.There are plenty of apples.Is there a lot of support for the idea?There are a lot of tourists here.,（13）When a subject and its predicative disagree in number,the verb takes the number of the subject.例44 The preparation and structure determination of these three compounds are the topic of

29、paper.例45 The topic of this paper is the preparation and structure determination of these three compounds.,Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses当复合句的某一从句是限制性从句，则该从句对句子的含义是必须的，如无该从句句子便失去意义。最好以“that”（而非“which”）引出限制性从句。When a clause in a compound sentence is restrictive,the clause is necessary to the

30、sense of the sentence,the sentence would become pointless without the clause.Restrictive clauses are best introduced by“that”,not“which”.,例46 It was necessary to fined a blocking group which would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.It was necessary to fined a blocking group that wo

31、uld react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.,A phrase or clause is nonrestrictive if it adds information but is not essential;that is,the sentence does not lose its meaning if the phrase or clause is deleted.Nonrestrictive phrase and clause are set off by commas.如短语或从句只是给句子增添信息，但并非根本性的，

32、则为非限制性短语或从句，即如删去这类短语或从句，句子并不失去其意义。非限制性短语或从句前后用逗号分隔。,例47 The current-voltage curves,which are shown in Figure 6,clearly demonstrate the reversibility of all four processes.,例48 Melvin Calvin,who won the Nobel Prize in 1961,elucidated the biochemical pathways in photosynthesis.例49 Here,the Total signa

33、l,which is the analog of standard DSC,makes it very hard to find the polymer Tg.,3Dangling Modifiers（垂悬修饰语）也称垂悬短语(Dangling phrases)One form of a dangling modifier is a verbal phrase that not refer clearly and logically to another word or phrase in the sentence.,The understood subject is usually the

34、same as in the main clause.Walking across the field,we saw a plane fly past.(=As we were walking,we saw)与句子主语没有联系的短语修饰语，即动词短语的逻辑主语（隐含主语）与主句主语不一致。短语的隐含主语和主句中的主语应保持一致。,悬垂修饰语或称悬垂短语（Dangling phrases）是指对句子中的另一词或短语关系不清晰并不合逻辑非谓语动词短语。人们所理解的这类短语的逻辑主语通常与主句的主语是一致的。下面列举悬垂修饰语的几种情形：,（1）If a modifier precedes the

35、subject of a sentence,it must modify that subject and be separated from it by a comma.Otherwise,it is a dangling modifier.如果一个修饰语是在句子的主语之前，它必须修饰那个主语，并以逗号分隔。否则就是悬垂修饰语,例 50 Splitting the atom,many new elements were discovered by Seaborg.此句中的 splitting the atom 为现在分词短语，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，故需改成,Splitting the

36、atom,Seaborg discovered many new elements.,或将 splitting the atom考虑为动名词短语,在其前加 on 或 upon 变成介词短语：Upon Splitting the atom,many new elements were discovered by Seaborg.Upon Splitting the atom,Seaborg discovered many new elements.,例51 When confronted with these limitations,the experiments were discontinu

37、ed.When confronted with these limitations,we discontinued the experiments.In light of these limitations,the experiments were discontinued.,例52 Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules,the ortho hydrogens could be assigned to the high-frequency peak.,Understanding the effect o

38、f substituents on the parent molecules,we could assign the ortho hydrogens to the high-frequency peak.,例53 Using the procedure described previously,the partition function can be evaluated.the partition function can be evaluated by using the procedure described previously.Or,Using the procedure descr

39、ibed previously,we can evaluate the partition function.,这种悬垂结构（例50、51、53）可修改为介词短语 upon,in light of,by using 但由于主句的主语并非介词短语中的行为执行者，有时仍视为悬垂结构,(2)Phrases starting with“based on”must modify a noun or pronoun that usually immediately precedes or follows the phrase.Use phrases starting with“on the basis o

40、f”to modify a verb.短语 based on 在句中修饰一个名词或代名词，通常该短语紧跟被修饰的名词或代名词之后。应以“On the basis of”开头的短语去修饰一个动词。即一个句子可以 On the basis of 开头，而不是以Based on开头。,例54 Based on resonance enhancement and frequency shifts,changes in the interring separation were calculated.,On the basis of resonance enhancement and frequency

41、 shifts,changes in the interring separation were calculated.,例55 Based on extensive study,this genetic deficiency was attributed to the loss of one isozyme.(“Based on extensive study”modifies the noun“deficiency”,but this not the meaning.),On the basis of extensive study,this genetic deficiency was

42、attributed to the loss of one isozyme.(“On the basis of extensive study”modifies the verb“was attributed”.),例56 Style guidelines based on authoritative sources are included in this book.例57 Figure 8 shows the analysis of a drug delivery system based on amorphous,biodegradable polymer microspheres.,（

43、3）“Due to”means“attributable to”;use it only to modify a noun or pronoun directly preceding it in the sentence or following a form of the verb“to be”.“Due to”意思是“attributable to”（归因于）;用它只是去修饰一个名词或代名词，在句中直接将其前置；或在动词“to be”的某种形式之后。,例58 Delays resulted due to equipment failure.,Delays due to equipment

44、failure were unavoidable.The delays were due to equipment failure.,Dangling phrases 包括悬垂分词短语、悬垂不定式短语和悬垂介词短语3种a.悬垂分词短语(Dangling participle phrases)Having reviewed the technical report,several mistakes were found in it.,Having reviewed the technical report,we found several mistakes in it.,Based on the

45、 biological and geographical characters,lakes in China can be divided into five major groups.,On the basis of the biological and geographical characters,lakes in China can be divided into five major groups.Lakes in China can be divided into five major groups according to their biological and geograp

46、hical characters.,b.悬垂不定式短语(Dangling infinitive phrases)In order to realize sustainable development of society,it needs to consider the protected area construction as an important component of regional developmental planning and,In order to realize sustainable development of society,we should consid

47、er the construction of protected area as an important component of regional developmental planning and,c.悬垂介词短语(Dangling preposition phrases)After removing the outmost leaves,the material was rubbed with 70%ethanol for surface sterilization.The materials were cleansed with 70%ethanol for surface ste

48、rilization,after their outmost leaves were removed.主句和介词短语均为被动态，their 是指代 materials,下面几种情形不是dangling modifiers:(4)Absolute constructions are words,phrases,or clauses that are grammatically unconnected with the rest of the sentence in which they appear.They are sometimes called“sentence modifiers”bec

49、ause they qualify the rest of the sentence.They may occur anywhere in the sentence,and they are always set off by commas.They are not dangling modifiers.,在句中出现的与句子的其余部分在语法上无联系的词、短语和从句。由于它们是修饰句子的其余部分，有时将其称作句子修饰语“sentence modifiers”。这种独立结构可出现在句子的任意处，并以逗号分隔，它们不是垂悬修饰语。例59 Contrary to the excitedstate si

50、tuation,metalbonding interactions in the ground states are weak.,例60 The constructions were premature,considering the lack of available data.例61 judging from the spectral changes,exhaustive photolysis of compound 4 had occurred.例62 The conformations about the ReRe bond,in addition,are different for