脂肪酸的合成代谢.ppt
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1、第二节 脂肪酸的合成代谢,一.甘油的合成,由糖酵解的中间产物磷酸二羟丙酮还原而成。,甘油的合成在细胞质中进行。,事实上,在甘油和脂肪酸缩合连结成脂肪时,所需要的是3-磷酸甘油,而不是游离的甘油。,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,原料:乙酰CoA,产物:不超过16碳的饱和脂肪酸,部位:动物体 细胞质植物体 叶绿体和前质体,Overview Fatty acids are synthesized by the condensation of two-carbon units.However,in terms of the enzymic steps involved,the proces
2、s is not the reversed of-oxidation.Fatty acid synthesis involves a separate series of reactions to build up long-chain hydrocarbons from acetyl CoA units.The key differences between fatty acid synthesis and breakdown are:,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,1.fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol of both prok
3、aryotes and eukaryotes whereas their degradation occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes;2.fatty acid synthesis uses NADPH as the reductant whereas NADH is produced in-oxidation;3.during their synthesis,fatty acids are covalently linked to an acyl carrier protein(ACP),as opposed to CoA in their deg
4、radation;4.the enzyme activities of fatty acid synthesis in higher organisms are present in a single polypeptide chain called fatty acid synthase,whereas in-oxidation the individual activities are present on separate enzymes.,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,1.脂肪酸从头合成的过程,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,(1)乙酰CoA的来源和转运,Tran
5、sport into the cytosol Fatty acids are synthesized in the cytosol,but acetyl CoA is produced from pyruvate in the mitochondria.Thus the acetyl CoA must be transferred from the mitochondria into the cytosol to allow fatty acid synthesis to occur.However,the inner mitochondrial membrane is not readily
6、 permeable to this molecule.This problem is overcome by the condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate.,1.脂肪酸从头合成的过程,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,(1)乙酰CoA的来源和转运,因为乙酰CoA在线粒体产生,乙酰CoA不能直接穿过线粒体内膜,需要通过“柠檬酸穿梭”的方式从线粒体基质到达细胞质,才能用于合成脂肪酸。,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,(1)乙酰CoA的来源和转运,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,1.脂肪
7、酸从头合成的过程,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,(1)乙酰CoA的来源和转运,循环的净结果是将乙酰CoA从线粒体转运到了细胞质,同时也消耗了化学能ATP。在植物体中,线粒体内产生的乙酰CoA先脱去CoA以乙酸的形式运出线粒体,再在线粒体外由脂酰CoA合成酶催化重新形成乙酰CoA。,1.脂肪酸从头合成的过程,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,(2)丙二酸单酰CoA的形成,The first committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis is the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form malonyl C
8、oA using CO2 in the form of bicarbonate HCO3-.This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase which has biotin as a prosthetic group,a common feature in CO2-binding enzymes.,1.脂肪酸从头合成的过程,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,(2)丙二酸单酰CoA的形成,在脂肪酸的从头合成过程中,参入脂肪酸链的二碳单位的直接提供者并不是乙酰CoA,而是乙酰CoA的羧化产物 丙二酸单酰CoA(
9、malonyl-CoA)。,1.脂肪酸从头合成的过程,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,(2)丙二酸单酰CoA的形成,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,乙酰CoA羧化酶的组成,在原核生物中,由两种酶和一种蛋白质组成三元多酶复合体 生物素羧基载体蛋白(biotin carboxyl-carrier protein,BCCP)生物素羧化酶 羧基转移酶,在动物及高等植物体内,乙酰CoA羧化酶是由多个亚基组成的寡聚酶,每个亚基兼具上述的三种催化活性,但只有当它们聚合成完整的寡聚酶后才有活性。,1.脂肪酸从头合成的过程,(一)脂肪酸的从头合成,二.脂肪酸的合成,(2)丙二酸单酰CoA的形
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