科技英语的特点概述.ppt

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1、1,科技英语的特点,English for Science and Technology,2,课程教学目的 培养学生对科技英语语言的理解能力和应用能力；让学生承担科技英语阅读必需的基本技能和知识，使学生能够以英语为工具获取科技知识及其他有关的信息。,3,科技英语的含义 不同于普通英语；更不同于文学英语；也不完全等同于专业英语。English for Science and Technology 专门服务于理工科专业和各行业的科技人员。,4,科技英语（English for Science and Technology,简称EST）是始于20世纪50年代的一种新的学术语体，是科技人员在世界范围内

2、用以交流科技情报和思考科技问题的重要工具，在其使用和发展过程 形成了自己鲜明的特色。科技英语的基本特点是行文简洁，表达客观，结构严密，内容确切，主题单一，强调事实。,5,科技英语与其它英语的区别,文学英语：需了解美国文化背景，语言漂亮普通英语：以语法为主线，基础词汇科技英语：注重翻译技巧，严谨，忠于原文，但不一定要直译 如:英文中的被动句中文中的主动句。,6,科技英语的重要性,国际间的科技情报和资料交流；世界上科技杂志有六万多种，一半以上是英文刊物；各国科技人员学习的需要；交流的需要；,7,科技英语的学习方法 科技英语阅读与普通英语的快速阅读的方法也有所不同，科技英语阅读要把准确理解放在首位，

3、在准确理解的基础上提高阅读速度。和其他的英语能力一祥，科技英语阅读能力，需要通过长期的实践才能获得，不可能一蹴而就，多读多练是提高科技英语阅读能力的最有效的方法。,8,Our public E-mail address for this course,Password:hr4uk7 Never change the password.,9,We will try to learn 5 units this semester.It will take us 6 classes to finish one unit.The makeup of the final marks:40%for your

4、 performance in the term time.60%for your end-of-term exam,10,1 科技英语的特点,1.1 科技英语的特点概述 2学时1.2 科技英语的特殊语法现象 8学时1.3 科技英语阅读训练 20学时,11,1.1 科技英语的特点概述,一、科技英语在词汇方面的特点二、科技英语句法上的特点三、科技英语文体上的特点,12,科技英语的基本特点,为了了解科技英语的特点，我们先阅读下面一段关于疾病的课文。,13,14,Introducing a manufacturer,15,science abstracts科技文摘,16,在文章结构方面，逻辑严谨，层

5、次分明，复杂长句多；在用词方面，必然要用到专业术语和专业单词，以及词性变换多；在语法方面，非谓语动词多，较多地使用被动语态；另一个重要特点是采用图表等非语言因素表达思想。,可以得出科技英语的特点：,17,一、科技英语在词汇方面的特点,专业词汇出现率低；词义专一；多来源于拉丁语和希腊语；广泛使用缩略语；前后缀出现率高,18,词形较长,1、科技词汇的词形一般较长，多源于希腊语和拉丁语。据美国科技英语专家Oscar E.Nybaken统计，在一万个普通英语的词汇中，约有46%的词汇源于拉丁语，7.2%源于希腊语。尤其在专业性极强的科技英语词汇中，这种比例就更高。例如：dynamics,electri

6、c,physics,pneumonia等。希腊语和拉丁文之所以能成为科技词汇的基本来源，是因为这两种语言都是“死”语言，不会由于社会的发展而引起词义的变化，也不因词的多义引起歧义。,19,2、在科技文章中，同一词语词义的多专业化，即同一个英语常用词不仅被多个专业采用，而且含义也各不相同，区别很大。如field一词，一般英语中指“野外、田间”；在计算机领域可作“信息（组）”、“字段”解；在光学方面可作“视场”解；在数学方面作“域”解等。对于这一类词语，只有通过上下文和具体的语言环境才能确定其真正的含义。,20,副词：light come,light go,Light名词：in the light

7、 of 由于，根据 high light(s)强光，精华 safety light 安全指示灯形容词：light industry light room light blue,21,缩略语Abbreviation,普通英语中的缩略语：i.e.即，etc.等，co.公司；科技英语中缩略语多为单位名称、设备名称，仪器，方法，药剂等，一般在上下文中有原型。如：英国电气工程师学会 Institution of Electrical Engineers 简称 IEE美国科学情报研究所 Institute for Scientific Information 简称 ISI核磁共振 Nuclear Magn

8、etic Resonance简称 NMR聚丙烯酰胺 PAM,22,科技英语中经常使用缩略语。随着现代科学的高速发展，缩略语将日益增多，往往一个缩略语可代表几十个词义。在科技英语中缩略语的构成方式有三种：1）将词的部分截缩而构成新词，如parachute chute（降落伞）。2）将词组中的每个词的首字母加在一起构成新词，首字母缩略词，如Unidentified Flying Object UFO（不明飞行物）。3）从两个单词中抽出部分字母而构成新词，如telegram exchange telex（电传）。,23,1.各种组织或机构的缩略词APEC(Asia Pacific Economic

9、Cooperation)亚太经济合作组织IOC(International Olympic Committee)国际奥林匹克组织ISO(International Standard Organization)国际标准化组织OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克,石 油输出国组织WTO(World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织SOS村(SOS childrens village)一种专门收养孤儿的慈善机构,24,2 各种系统的缩略词BBS(bulletin board system)电子公告牌系统或(bu

10、lletin board service)电子公告服务GPS(global positioning system)全球定位系统GSM(global system for mobile communications)全球移动通信系统CIMS(computer integrated manufacturing system)计算机集成制造系统DOS(disc operating system)磁盘操作系统GMDSS(global maritime distress and safety system)全球海上遇险与安全系统ITS(intelligent transportation system)

11、智能交通系统NMD(National Missile Defense)国家导弹防御系统TMD(theatre missile defense)战区导弹防御系统)NASDAQ(national association of securities dealers automated quotation)纳斯达克,(美)全国交易商自动报价系统协会,25,3 有关职务或学位的缩略词CEO(chief executive officer)首席执行官CFO(chief finance officer)首席财务官CGO(chief government officer)首席沟通官CIO(chief info

12、rmation officer)首席信息官COO(chief operating officer)首席运营官CTO(chief technology officer)首席技术官CPA(certified public accountant)注册会计师MBA(Master of Business Administration)工商管理硕士MPA(Master of Public Administration)公共管理硕士,26,4.金融方面的缩略词ATM(automated teller machine)自动柜员机CBD(central business district)中央商务区GDP(gr

13、oss domestic product)国内生产总值GNP(gross national product)国民生产总值,27,5.考试方面的缩略词CET(college English test)大学英语等级考试GRE(graduate record examination in USA and other countries)美国等国家研究生入学资格考试PETS(public English test system)全国英语等级考试HSK(Hanyushuipingkaoshi;Chinese Standard Test)汉语水平考试,28,6 其他方面的缩略词AIDS(acquired

14、immune deficiency syndrome)获得性免疫缺陷综合症,即艾滋病AM(amplitude modulation)调幅APC(aspirin,phenacetin and caffeine;compound aspirin;heat-relieving and pain-killing medicine consisting of aspirin,phenacetin and caffeine)复方阿司匹林API(air pollution index)空气污染指数CDMA(code division multiple access)码分多址,一种最新的无线电发射和接受方式C

15、D(compact disc)激光唱盘CD-ROM(compact disc-read only memory)只读光盘CD-RW(compact disc-rewritable)可擦写光盘,29,CIP(cataloguing in publication)在版编目;预编目录.在图书出版前,由图书馆编目部门根据出版商提供的校样先行编目,编目后将著录内容及标准格式交出版机构,将它印于图书的版权页上DIY(do it yourself)指自己动手装电脑,缝制衣服,做贺卡DVD(digital video disc)数字激光视盘 EMS(express mail service)邮政特快专递EQ(

16、emotional quotient)情商IQ(intelligence quotient)智商ICU(intensive-care unit)重症病房IP(internet protocol)网际协议IT(imformation technology)信息技术OA(office automation)办公自动化OEM(original equipment manufacturer)原始设备制造商,30,PC(personal computer)个人计算机PT(particular transfer)特别转让SCI(science citation index)科学引文索引SOHO(small

17、 office home office)小型家居办公室 SOS(Save Our Souls;radio signal once used universally to appeal for help esp.by a ship or boat;urgent request for help from sb.in trouble)国际上曾通用的紧急呼救信号,也用于一般的求救或求助 ST(special treatment)特别处理VIP(very important person)要人VOD(video on demand)视频点播WWW(World Wide Web)万维网,31,前缀,Se

18、mi-半，部分的,Micro-小，微,Thermo-热,Auto-自，自身,Semi-conductor 半导体Semicircle 半圆,Microbiology 微生物学Microchemistry 微量化学Microelectronics 微电子学Microfilm 缩微胶卷,Thermodynamic 热力学的Thermometer 温度计,Autobiographic 自传的Automat 自动售货机Automation 自动化,32,后缀,-ance-ity-ment-ness-sion-tion-th(序),-ure-able-ible-ant-al-ic-ive-ous,33,

19、4）大量地使用名词和名词组。英语比汉语更广泛地使用名词，科技英语中这种现象更为突出。如科技文章中不说 We can improve its performance by using superheated steam.而说 an improvement of its performance can be achieved by the use of superheated steam.为了简短而明确地表达某一概念或事物，科技英语还广泛地使用名词词组，如energy lose,a day and night weather observation station。,34,二、科技英语句法上的特点

20、,长句多；大量使用被动语态；常用形容词短语做后置定语；使用非谓语动词的频率特别高。,35,复杂长句多,语法分析符合汉语习惯(translation)以短代长、化难为易,Applied research carries the findings of basic research to a point where they can be exploited to meet a specific need,while the development stage of research and development includes the steps necessary to bring a n

21、ew or modified product or process into production.In Europe,the United States and Japan the unified concept of research and development has been an integral part of economic planning,both by government and by private industry.,36,World War I produced a dramatic change.Attempts at rapid expansion of

22、the arms industry in the belligerent as well as in most of the neutral countries exposed weaknesses in technology as well as in organization and brought an immediate appreciation of the need for more scientific support.The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in the United Kingdom was fo

23、unded in 1915,and the National Research Council in the United States in 1916.,37,These bodies were given the task of stimulating and coordinating the scientific support to the war effort,and one of their most important long-term achievements was to convince industrialists,in their own countries and

24、in others,that adequate and properly conducted research and development were essential to success.,38,被动语态多,科技英语1/3以上用被动句，但译成汉语不一定用被动语态例句：:In Germany Nazi ideology tended to be hostile to basic scientific research,and effort was concentrated on short-term work.在德国，纳粹的意识形态对基础科学研究采取的是敌对态度，所以，研究主要是集中在短

25、期项目上。Automobiles may be manufactured with computer-driven robots or put together almost totally by hand.,39,形容词短语做后置定语,例句：All radiant energy has wavelike characteristics,analogous to those of waves that move though water所有的辐射都具有波的特征，与水中移动的波的特征相似。Non-mobile robots,capable of learning to perform a ind

26、ustrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly,are even now in use in industrial plants all over the world.非移动机器人，因其有能力完成一定的工业任务，而且可以不知疲倦地完成同样的工作，因此早已在世界各地的工厂中得到应用。Better translation在哪里？,40,非谓语动词多,动名词分词：现在分词和过去分词不定式,-in spite of the inevitable confusion in the control of activities tha

27、t were novel to most of the participants,there followed a decade of remarkable technical progress.,41,非谓语后置成份,more examples:,Outside the air,space,and defense fields the amount of effort in different industries follows much the same pattern in different countries,a fact made necessary by the demands

28、 of international competition.,42,三、科技英语修辞上的特点,时态运用有限；修辞手法简单；逻辑-语法词使用普遍，如：,表示原因,caused by,as because of,due toowing to,foras a result of,because,表示逻辑顺序,however,but neverthelessotherwise,表示限制,only,if onlyexceptbesidesunless,supposesupposingassumingprovidedproviding,表示假设,2,43,使用时态少，多用一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时

29、。修辞手段单调，很少使用文学英语的修辞手法。逻辑语法词多，科技英语注重客观事实论述及逻辑推理，少情感描写及形象刻画。,44,句法特点在科技英语中经常使用的语法结构相当多，如被动语态句使用得很广泛。这是因为科技文章的主要目的是讲述客观现象，介绍科技成果等，使用被动句比使用主动句更少主观色彩。因此在科技英语中，凡是在不需要或不可能指出行为主体的场合，或者在需要突出行为客体的场合都使用被动语态。例如：For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted.,45,2.名词化结构多The rotation of the e

30、arth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球饶轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。3.常使用祈使句或第三人称科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因此要尽量避免使用第一、第二人称；第一、第二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。例：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You m

31、ust pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.你们必须注意机器的工作温度。,46,4.非限定动词多科技英语中常使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；使用介词+动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句，既可缩短句子，又比较醒目。例：A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。5.后置定语多。可作为后置定语使用的结构有：介词短语、形容词及形容

32、词短语、副词、分词、定语从句。例：A call for paper is now being issued.征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。The results obtained must be checked.获得的结果必须加以校核。The heat produced is equeal to the electrical energy wasted.产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。During construction,problems often arise which require design changes.分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大新取决于它们之间的距离。,47,6.在科技

33、英语中经常使用“It is(was)that”这一强调句。例：It is heat that causes many chemical changes.正是热量导致了化学变化。7.长句多科技英语用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系，而复杂的科学思维是无法使用简单句来表达，所以语法结构复杂的长句较多地应用于科技英语，而这种严谨周密、层次分明、重点突出的语言手段也就成了科技英语文体又一重要特征。,48,如下面由三个that 组成的长句：Laser,its creation being thought to be one of todays wonders,is nothi

34、ng more than a light that differs from ordinary lights only inthat it is many times more powerful and so be applied in fields that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in.,49,1.2 科技英语的特殊语法现象,五、关于动作主体的问题六、命令句的用法七、by,with的用法八、关于“名词+名词”的问题九、很少用“s”表示所有十、定语从句中与which、when连用的介词位置,

35、一、关于be going to 表示未来的问题二、will,can,may的用法三、无人称被动句的用法四、should的用法,50,特殊语法现象,十一、关于if 子句的问题十二、从句的紧缩式十三、完成时的用法十四、as的用法,十五、such that,such as to 的用法十六、关于抽象名词的用法十七、动词+后缀当形容词十八、常用的前缀十九、多用正规动词，少用“动词+副词”,51,一、be going to 表示未来的问题,科技英语中很少用be going to 表示将来。,The new aircraft is going to fly for the first time on Mo

36、nday.,The new aircraft will fly for the first time on Monday.,这架新飞机将在礼拜一首次航行。,52,二、will,can,may的用法,In line with this plan,the problem is reduced to a more categorical question that can be clearly stated.(Engineering,p4),Production of the new machine will commence next year.,明年开始生产这种新机器。,为配合这个计划，问题被缩

37、减为更多的分类问题，这样就可以清楚地进行说明。,表示纯粹未来用will,（1）,53,二、will,can,may的用法,These planes will fly,这几架飞机的飞行速度可达到每小时800英里。,表示能力用will,can,capable,和be able to,（2）,can fly are capable of flying are able to fly,at 800 miles per hour.,54,二、will,can,may的用法,This solid will vaporize when we heat it.,Friction will cause the

38、bearings to become heated.,摩擦会使轴承变热。,当我们给它加热时，这种固体会汽化。,表示经常发生的事用will,（3）,55,二、will,can,may的用法,Metal which cools rapidlyUnguarded belts or chainsThe testing of new machines,maycan,cause fracture.cause accidents.take a long time.,表示有时发生的事用may,can,（4）,56,Example of may in the material:,Development engi

39、neers apply the results of research to useful purposes.Creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electrical circuit,a chemical process,or an industrial machine.,57,二、will,can,may的用法,We can easily calculate the friction losses.,Work on the new engine can start in a

40、few weeks.,几周后可以开始这种新型发动机的工作。,我们可以很容易的算出摩擦损耗。,表示能够用can,（5）,58,二、will,can,may的用法,This problemLow-speed bearingsThe steelThermo-couples,may becan be,approached in several ways.lubricated with grease.Quenched（淬火）in either water or oil.used to measure high temperatures.,表示可能性用may,can,（6）,59,三、无人称被动句的用法,

41、The driver starts the engine.,The engine is started.,（司机）开动发动机。,He welded the plates together.,The plates are welded together.,把钢板焊接在一起。,The furnace smelts the ore.,The ore is smelted in the furnace.,高炉熔化矿石。,60,三、无人称被动句的用法,The man sharpened his tool.,His tool was sharpened.,那人磨尖了它的工具。,We must lubric

42、ate bearings.,Bearings must be lubricated.,（我们）必须润滑轴承。,A lathe can cut screws.,Screws can be cut on a lathe.,车床能加工螺丝。,61,或,三、无人称被动句的用法,Attention should be paid not to damage the machine.,（操作者）应当注意不要损坏了机器。,The heat in the center of the earth is being made use of in some countries.,在某些国家，人们利用地球中心的热。,U

43、se is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries.,62,四、should的用法,Safety precautions should be observed at all time.,These machines should be handled with great care.,这些机器应当小心操作。,任何时候都应注意安全措施。,表示“告诫”,（1）,The results of the experiment should be plotted on a graph.,应将实验结果绘在图表上。

44、,63,四、should的用法,Carbon content in steel should not be more than 0.5%.,The steel should not contain more than 0.5%of carbon.,钢里的含炭量不应超过0.5%。,说明某一情况,（2）,The maximum internal diameter should be 40 thousandths of an inch.,最大内径应为40/1000英寸。,或,64,四、should的用法,This building should be completed by the end of

45、next year.,The process of cooling should continue for several hours.,冷却过程要延续好几个小时。,这座大楼应在明年年底前竣工。,表示“期待”,（3）,65,五、关于动作主体的问题,动作主体是人时，句末不用by短语；动作主体不是人时，句末应用by 短语；动作主体为人，但省去影响句子的意思时，应加by短语。,2,66,Agriculture cannot be developed without sufficient water.,Explosion is caused,动作主体,没有足够的水就无法发展农业。,爆炸是由石油燃料与空

46、气中的氧迅速化合而引起的。,动作主体是人，不用by,动作主体不是人，用by,combination of the fuels with the oxygen in the air.,by the rapid,67,Three machines can be controlled,All responsibility for the accident must be accepted,动作主体,一个操作者可以同时控制三台机器。,设计者应承担产生事故的一切责任。,by the designer.,by a single operator.,强调动作主体，用by,68,六、命令句的用法,表示无人称指

47、令,AllowLetTake祈使句动词开头,Should命令句,e.g.Water should be heated beforeThe bearing should be lubricated before,69,命令句,Let me by!让我过去！Let it alone!别管它！Let him be!别打扰他！,日常英语,将轮胎里的气放掉！,科技英语,Let the air out of the type！,把瓶子里的水倒出来。,Let the water out of the bottle.,70,每十分钟测一次温度！,Take the temperature every ten m

48、inutes.,假设X等于每分钟的转数。,Let X equal the number of revolutions per minute.,记下水面位置。,Take the water level.,让水冷却十分钟，然后再测温度。,Allow the water to cool for ten minutes and then take the temperature.,计算出将产生的膨胀量。,Calculate the amount of expansion which will take place.,71,Fill a test-tube half full of water and

49、heat it nearly to boiling point.Support the tube on a stand and allow it to cool.Take the temperature every minute.Stir carefully with a glass rod.Record the reading you obtain,and plot them on a graph of temperature against time.Repeat this with a tube half-full of crystals.Allow the solid to melt.

50、Heat the liquid to 100oC,fix the tube on the stand and allow it to cool.Record the results as before and plot them.,72,七、by,with的用法,by,by means of,用耐火砖可以减少热损耗。,Heat losses can be reduced by firebricks.,Heat losses can be reduced by lining 加衬里the furnace with firebricks.,The heat loss reduction can b