科技英语常见问题.ppt

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1、科技英语常见问题,问题分类,语法问题修辞问题逻辑问题,语法错误类型,违反一致性原则错误使用关联词用词不当标点符号使用不当,违反一致性原则,代词与名词不一致（Pronoun/Noun Conflicts）主语与谓语不一致（Subject/Predicate Conflicts）主从复合句时态不一致(Principal/Subordinate Conflicts in Tense),代词与其先行词不一致,If one had considered the consequences carefully,you would not have agreed to sign the contract.如果

2、当初认真考虑一下后果的话，谁都不会同意在那合同上签字。,代词与其先行词不一致,In 1975,after the harvest of masson pine trees and the plantation of some native legume trees,plant species number increased rapidly.Up to 1982,they reached 119 species.1975年，砍伐马尾松并栽植当地豆科树种后，植物种类的数量迅速增加，至1982年已达到119个种。,Since the masson pine trees were harvested

3、 and some native legume trees planted in 1975,the plant species there have kept increasing rapidly,and(they)reached 119 species up to 1982.Since the masson pine trees were harvested and some native legume trees planted in 1975,the plant species number there have kept increasing rapidly,and(it)reache

4、d 119 species up to 1982.,指示代词与其所修饰的名词不一致,After he had obtained these evidence he drew the following conclusions:当他获得这些证据之后，就作出了一下结论：After he had obtained these evidence he drew the following conclusions:After he had obtained this evidence,he drewHaving obtained this evidence,he drew,In these litera

5、ture the mechanism of secretion are rarely dealt with.上述文献对分泌的机理很少报道。In these literature the mechanism of secretion are rarely dealt with.The above mentioned literature rarely dealt with the mechanism of secretion.The mechanism was rarely dealt with in the literature.,指示代词与其所修饰的名词不一致,These kind of s

6、tudies was not started until the new experimental equipment was imported from a developed country.这类研究直到从一发达国家进口得到新的实验设备后才开始进行。These kind of studies was not started until the new experimental equipment was imported from a developed country.This kind of studiesThese kinds of studies,指示代词与其所修饰的名词不一致,不

7、定代词（Indefinite pronoun）与名词不一致,Few of result obtained from the present experiment is consistent with those of the previous studies.本实验结果很少与前人的一致。In the past,people knew only a few of celestial body in the universe.过去，人们仅对宇宙中的少数星体有所了解。Much have recently been done in the researches on the superconducto

8、rs.近来在超导体研究方面做了大量工作。,Few of result obtained from the present experiment is consistent with those of the previous studies.Few of the results obtained areLittle result obtained isFew of the experiments are consistent with those of the previous studies.,违反一致性原则,代词与名词不一致（Pronoun/Noun Conflicts）主语与谓语不一致（

9、Subject/Predicate Conflicts）主从复合句时态不一致(Principal/Subordinate Conflicts in Tense),单数主语用复形谓语,They believed that the thoughts of ecological agriculture in developed countries had little scientific contents and was not feasible in practical production.他们认为，发达国家的生态业缺少科学内涵，在生产实践中不可行。They believed that the

10、 thoughts of ecological agriculture in developed countries had little scientific contents and was not feasible in practical production.They did not believe had scientific content and were feasible,The model of this reactive distillation process,as well as the simulation procedure were developed.The

11、model of this reactive distillation process,as well as the simulation procedure,was developed.,复数主语（Subject in plural form）用单形谓语,A bond length of 2.535 and a bond angle of 104.3o was reported.研究表明，键长为2.535，键角为104.3o。:angstromAfter the key problem had been over come,the rest was easily solved.关键问题攻克之

12、后，其余问题就迎刃而解了。,复合名词,the rest,a few,few,peoplegroup,family,class,committee,违反一致性原则,代词与名词不一致（Pronoun/Noun Conflicts）主语与谓语不一致（Subject/Predicate Conflicts）主从复合句时态不一致(Principal/Subordinate Conflicts in Tense),主语与宾语时态不一致,We believe that EO were strongly adsorbed on the inner surface of the reactor,resultin

13、g a sluggish response in the outlet concentration of the reactor when there were changes in the operating condition.,主语与宾语时态不一致,We believe that EO has been strongly adsorbed on the inner surface of the reactor,resulting a sluggish response in the outlet concentration of the reactor when there have b

14、een changes in the operating condition.,主语与宾语时态不一致,We believed that EO was strongly adsorbed on the inner surface of the reactor,resulting a sluggish response in the outlet concentration of the reactor when there were changes in the operating condition.,主语与定语从句时态不一致,Last week we paid a visit to the

15、National Museum of Nature,in which we have seen a lot of rare animal specimens.上周我们参观了国家自然博物馆，看到了许多珍稀动物标本。Last week we paid a visit to the National Museum of Nature where we saw a lot of rare animal specimens.,主语与状语从句时态不一致,He had to discontinue his undergraduate studies because his physical conditio

16、n becomes worse and worse.他由于健康状况不断恶化而不得不辍学。,时态与时间不相呼应,Agricultural production and laborproductivity rose significantly since 1979 owing to the economical reforms in rural China.自1979年以来，由于中国农村实施经济改革，农业生产和劳动生产率大大提高。has increased significantly since,时态与时间不相呼应,In the postwar period Yugoslav economy ha

17、s developed asymmetrical in which industry and infrastructure have been favored to the detriment of agriculture,having a negative result on the entire economic development.在战后时期，南斯拉夫经济发展很不平衡，偏重于工业和基础建设，损害了农业，对整个经济发展产生了副作用。In the post war period Yugoslavs economy developed asymmetrically(in an imbala

18、nced way).Industry and infrastructure were favored,which led to the detriment to agriculture and thus caused a negative effect on the entire economy of Yugoslav.,语法错误类型,违反一致性原则错误使用关联词用词不当标点符号使用不当,关系代词使用不正确,The red region where located between the two dashed lines was assumed to be most sensitive to

19、the coolant temperature.The red region which is located between the two dashed lines was assumed to be most sensitive to the coolant temperature.The red region located between the two dashed lines was assumed to be most sensitive to the coolant temperature.,从属连词使用不正确,Although measures were taken to

20、avoid further oxidation of the product,but the selectivity was still very poor as revealed by the experiments.What effects of this sudden increase in the feed rate on the position of the hot spot will be discussed in following sections.,关系副词使用不正确,In this paper,we examine the stability of this steady

21、 state when the cooling rate is increased.本文研究了提高冷却速率时的定态的稳定性。when-at the time whenIn this paper,we examine the stability of this steady state under conditions of increased cooling rate.,This is the reason because they gave up the research plan.This is the reason why they gave up the research plan.,

22、语法错误类型,违反一致性原则错误使用关联词用词不当标点符号使用不当,用词不当,动词使用不当介词使用不当等立连词使用不当形容词和副词使用不当名词和代词使用不当,动词使用不当,谓语(Predicate)动词使用不当及物与不及物动词混淆动词的固定搭配错误非限定动词使用不当,及物与不及物动词混淆,The selectivity was increased to 80%after the coolant temperature was lowered to 220oC.Before elucidating this theory,we must first reply the following que

23、stions,which is the essential prerequisite for understanding it.,The selectivity was increased to 80%after the coolant temperature was lowered to 220oC.The selectivity increased to 80%after the coolant temperature was lowered to 220oC.使动行为自动行为,Before elucidating this theory,we must first reply the f

24、ollowing questions,which is the essential prerequisite for understanding it.Before elucidating this theory,we must first answer the following questions,which is the essential prerequisite for understanding it.及物动词于不及物动词vireply to sb/sth reply to a question,letter,accusation.reply with sth reply with

25、 a short note.vtHe replies that he is busy.,动词使用不当,谓语(Predicate)动词使用不当及物与不及物动词混淆动词的固定搭配错误非限定动词使用不当,动词与介词或副词的搭配错误,Tritium must be controlled and confined in the definite area of the process in a small volume.The recent R&D of bioengineering is focused in the development of engineered gene products.Th

26、e silk export of China accounts to 90%of the total trade volume of the world.,动词与动名词搭配错误,Biologists of China are also considering to strengthen the researches on biodiversity.admit,avoid,appreciate,complete,deny,escape,evade,finish,forbid,imagine,keep,mind,miss,postpone,practice,recollect,risk,sugge

27、st,understandbe accustomed to,insist on,keep on,be objected to,give up,look forward,be opposed to,go on,put off,be used to,动词与不定式的固定搭配错误,To have their patients avoid jet lag,many doctors ask them adjusting one week before departure time by shifting one hour each day toward the new time schedule.Affo

28、rd,agree,aim,decide,decline,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,intend,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,threaten,wish.必须接不定式,可同时接不定式和动名词Attempt,begin,continue,deserve,disdain,endure,fear,help,intend,learn,mean,need,neglect,omit,prefer,proceed,propose,regret,remember,scorn,start,

29、try,want,etc.接不定式和动名词有差别的词forget,stop,cease,like,hate,etc.,动词使用不当,谓语(Predicate)动词使用不当及物与不及物动词混淆动词的固定搭配错误非限定动词使用不当,动词不定式使用不当,To enhance the whole level of science and technology of our country,the basic research should be strengthened.More than 3.5 million tons of grains are expected to harvest this

30、year in the county.Entomologists from all over the world will attend the International Conference of Entomology to hold in Beijing next year.,动名词使用不当,Before acquiring the instrument,the rats were housed in constant-temperature chamber.在获得仪器之前，小鼠被置养于恒温饲养室中。The problem of environment is far from settl

31、ing.问题还远未得到解决。,Before acquiring the instrument,the rats were housed in constant-temperature chamber.Before we acquired the instrument,the rats were housed in constant-temperature chamber.Before our acquiring the instrument,the rats were housed in constant-temperature chamber.,现在分词使用不当,The glass tran

32、sition temperature and melting point of the polymer were investigated using a DSC.The glass transition temperature and melting point of the polymer were investigated by using a DCS.,Observing the superfine powder by electron microscopy,the scattering of the powder size was investigated.Observing the

33、 superfine powder by electron microscopy,the scattering of the powder size was investigated.Through observing the superfine powder by electron microscopy,the scattering of the powder size was investigated.,现在分词使用不当,过去分词使用不当,Based on the biological and geographical characters,lakes in China can be di

34、vided into five major groups.根据生物学和地址学特性中国的湖泊可分为5类。,On the basis of(According to)the biological and geographical characters,lakes in China can be divided into five major groups.,用词不当,动词使用不当介词使用不当等立连词使用不当形容词和副词使用不当名词和代词使用不当,误用介词引导从句,Along with the time for activation is increased,the outlet concentra

35、tion of EO is increased,but the selectivity is decreased.,With the prolonging activation,the outlet EO concentration increases while the selectivity decreases.,误用连词作介词,Since the lack of experimental data,it is usually difficult to make a decision whether the procedure suggested by the authors is sup

36、erior to traditional ones.,Owing to(Because of)the lack of experimental data,it is usually difficult to make a decision whether the procedure suggested by the authors is superior to traditional ones.,Plants were watered in alternate days.,Plants were watered on alternate days.,介词错误搭配,In contrary,som

37、e microorganisms can tolerate to temperature as high as 80oC in the areas around volcano and hot springs.,On the contrary,some microorganisms can tolerate temperature as high as 80oC in the areas around volcanoes and hot springs.,介词错误搭配,介词错误搭配,固定搭配错误The difficulties to cool down the device quickly a

38、re commonly recognized due to its large heat capacity.The results obtained by the authors are similar with those of J.Smith(1991).The new device is more tolerant of high temperature.,用词不当,动词使用不当介词使用不当等立连词使用不当形容词和副词使用不当名词和代词使用不当,误将介词作连词,It is certain that not all species have been recorded,especially

39、 small living things,such as yeasts,filamentous fungi,protista and monera,since their unconspicuousness and small size.可以肯定，并非所有的生物种都有记录，特别是对那些很小的生物，如酵母菌、丝状菌、原生生物和无核生物，因为它们的体积小，不易观察。,It is certain that not all species have been recorded,especially small living things,such as yeasts,filamentous fungi

40、,protista and monera,since their unconspicuousness and small size.It is certain that not all species have been recorded,especially small living things,such as yeasts,filamentous fungi,protista and monera,since they are small in size and inconspicuousness.It is certain that not all species have been

41、recorded,especially small living things,such as yeasts,filamentous fungi,protista and monera,for they are small in size and inconspicuousness.,词义错误,Both additives can retard the deactivation of the electrode,but the effect will be more significant if they are used jointly.,连词的功能性误用,Proper use of thi

42、s property may result in significant design simplicity.While unawareness may cause logic operations that are difficult to explain.Proper use of this property may result in significant design simplicity,whilst(whereas)unawareness may cause logic operations that are difficult to explain.,用词不当,动词使用不当介词

43、使用不当等立连词使用不当形容词和副词使用不当名词和代词使用不当,形容词使用不当,General speaking,the significance and function of protected areas are not being fully understood by the public.一般来说，公众并不十分理解保护区的意义和功能。The public,generally speaking,do not fully understand the significance and function of the protected areas.,Today,when people

44、talk about biodiversity they easily concern for the diversity of animals and plants and neglect that of microorganisms.如今，人们一谈到生物多样性时，就很容易想到动物和植物的多样性而忽视了微生物的多样性。Today,when people talk about biodiversity they are apt to be concerned for the diversity of animals and plants but to neglect that of micro

45、organisms.,副词使用不当,System of small moleculars reaches equilibrium always earlier than that of large moleculars.,System of small molecules always reaches equilibrium earlier than that of large molecules.,频度副词always,often,usually,sometimes,occasionally,seldom,never,generally,frequently,constantly,hardl

46、y ever,continually,rarely,scarcely ever 等通常位于行为动词之前，系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。,副词使用不当,用词不当,动词使用不当介词使用不当等立连词使用不当形容词和副词使用不当名词和代词使用不当,Works on computational fluid dynamics is just started.关于微浮游生物的工作刚刚开始。Work on computational fluid dynamics has just been started.,不可数名词误用复数,名词作定语使用不当,Once they understand the loft i

47、deal of the protected area cause,they will help generously with money.他们一旦懂得了保护区的重要意义，就会慷慨相助。Once they understand the significance of establishing a protected area,they will give financial support generously.,滥用抽象名词,Separation of A from B was effected.A与B发生了分离A was separated from B.We separated A fr

48、om B.,名词使用不当代词使用不当,代词与名词及代词不一致,Being characterized by their good electric conductivity,aluminum is one of the important metals used in electric industry.由于铝具有良好导电特性，因而是重要的电力工业用金属之一。,代词无先行词或先行词不明确,The proposal of the project was drafted by the experts committee.That was considered satisfactory.The pr

49、oposal of the project was drafted by the experts committee,which was considered satisfactory.,代词无先行词或先行词不明确,The NOAA meterological satellite scans a wider spatial band on earth in its every running cycle and the cycle time is shorter.So getting its remotely sensed data is easier.美国国家海洋总署（NOAA）卫星空间覆盖

50、度宽，运行周期短，故很容易获得遥感资料。,The NOAA meterological satellite scans a wider spatial band on earth in its every running cycle and the cycle time is shorter.So getting its remotely sensed data is easier.The NOAA meterological satellite scans a wider spatial band on earth in its every running cycle and the cyc