新GRE写作名人素材库精选篇.doc

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1、新GRE写作名人素材库精选篇 为了能够帮助大家更好的备考新GRE写作,整理了新GRE写作名人素材库，我们一起来看看吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。新GRE写作名人素材库：马克思马克思 Marx, Karl (Heinrich) 1818 - 1883Philosopher, economist, revolutionary leader. Born May 5, 1818 in Trier, Rhenish Prussia, the son of Heinrich Marx, a lawyer, and Henriette Presburg Marx, a Dutchwoman. Both

2、 Heinrich and Henriette were descendants of a long line of rabbis. Barred from the practice of law as a Jew, Heinrich Marx became converted to Lutheranism about 1817, and Karl was baptized in the same church in 1824, at the age of 6. Karl attended a Lutheran elementary school but later became an ath

3、eist and materialist, rejecting both the Christian and Jewish religions. It was he who coined the aphorism Religion is the opium of the people, a cardinal principle in modern communism.Karl attended the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Trier for 5 years, graduating in 1835, at the age of 17. The gymna

4、sium curriculum was the usual classical one-history, mathematics, literature, and languages, particularly Greek and Latin. Karl became proficient in French and Latin, both of which he learned to read and write fluently. In later years he taught himself other languages, so that as a mature scholar he

5、 could also read Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Scandinavian, Russian, and English. As his articles in the New York Daily Tribune show, he came to handle the English language masterfully (he loved Shakespeare, whose works he knew by heart), although he never lost his heavy Teutonic accent in speaking.In O

6、ctober 1835 Marx matriculated in Bonn University, where he attended courses primarily in jurisprudence, as it was his fathers ardent wish that he become a lawyer. Marx, however, was more interested in philosophy and literature than in law. He wanted to be a poet and dramatist, and in his student day

7、s he wrote a great deal of poetry-most of it preserved-which in his mature years he rightly recognized as imitative and mediocre. He spent a year at Bonn, studying little but roistering and drinking. He spent a day in jail for disturbing the peace and fought one duel, in which he was wounded in the

8、right eye. He also piled up heavy debts.Marxs dismayed father took him out of Bonn and had him enter the University of Berlin, then a hub of intellectual ferment. In Berlin a galaxy of brilliant thinkers was challenging existing institutions and ideas, including religion, philosophy, ethics, and pol

9、itics. The spirit of the great philosopher G. W. F. Hegel was still palpable there. A group known as the Young Hegelians, which included teachers such as Bruno Bauer and bright, philosophically oriented students, met frequently to debate and interpret the subtle ideas of the master. Young Marx soon

10、became a member of the Young Hegelian circle and was deeply influenced by its prevailing ideas.Marx spent more than 4 years in Berlin, completing his studies there in March 1841. He had given up jurisprudence and devoted himself primarily to philosophy. On April 15, 1841, the University of Jena awar

11、ded Carolo Henrico Marx the degree of doctor of philosophy on the strength of his abstruse and learned dissertation, Difference between Democritean and Epicurean Natural Philosophy, which was based on Greek-language sources.Marxs hopes of teaching philosophy at Bonn University were frustrated by the

12、 reactionary policy of the Prussian government. He then turned to writing and journalism for his livelihood. In 1842 he became editor of the liberal Cologne newspaper Rheinische Zeitung, but it was suppressed by the Berlin government the following year. Marx then moved to Paris, where he first came

13、in contact with the working class, gave up philosophy as a life goal, and undertook his serious study of economics.In January 1845, Marx was expelled from France at the instigation of the Prussian government, as he said. He moved to Brussels, where he lived until 1848 and where he founded the German

14、 Workers party and was active in the Communist League. It was for the latter that he, with his friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels, published, in 1848, the famous Manifesto of the Communist Party (known as the Communist Manifesto). Expelled by the Belgian government for his radicalism, Marx mov

15、ed back to Cologne, where he became editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in June 1848. Less than a year later, in May 1849, the Prussian government suppressed the paper, and Marx himself was exiled. He returned to Paris, but in September the French government expelled him again. Hounded from the Co

16、ntinent, Marx finally settled in London, where he lived as a stateless exile (Britain denied him citizenship and Prussia refused to renaturalize him) for the rest of his life.In London, Marxs sole means of support was journalism. He wrote for both German-and English-language publications. From Augus

17、t 1852 to March 1862 he was correspondent for the New York Daily Tribune, contributing a total of about 355 articles, many of which were used by that paper as leading (unsigned) editorials. Journalism, however, paid wretchedly (? per article); Marx was literally saved from starvation by the continuo

18、us financial support of Engels. In 1864 Marx helped to found in London the International Workingmens Association (known as the First International), for which he wrote the inaugural address. In 1872 he dissolved the International, to prevent it from falling into the hands of the anarchists led by Mi

19、khail Bakunin. Thereafter, Marxs political activities were confined mainly to correspondence with radicals in Europe and America, offering advice and helping to shape the socialist and labor movements.新GRE写作名人素材库：达尔文Darwin, Charles (Robert) 1809 - 1882Naturalist; best known as the discoverer of natu

20、ral selection. Born February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England, at almost exactly the same hour as Abraham Lincoln. Darwins father was a doctor; his mother was the daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, the founder of the famous pottery firm. His grandfather (already dead) was a famous botanist, Erasmus Darwin.

21、 Darwins mother died when he was eight years old. He was not a very successful student, but as a teenager he became interested in natural science and started various collections. He went to Edinburgh University to study medicine but did not do well. He transferred to Cambridge University with the id

22、ea of studying theology and becoming a clergyman. There he met Professor John Henslow, a botanist, who became his mentor and persuaded him to study geology. He also read Alexander von Humboldts book, A Personal Narrative, about his travels in South America, which greatly inspired him.Darwin got his

23、B.A. degree from Cambridge in June 1831. During the summer he traveled with a geology professor to study rock formations in Wales. On his return to Shrewsbury on August 29, he found a letter waiting for him from Henslow. Henslow had recommended Darwin for a job as naturalist on board a Royal Navy sh

24、ip, the Beagle, under the command of Captain Robert Fitzroy. The ship was going on a long trip to survey the southern coasts of South America. Darwins father was initially opposed because he felt that this would keep him from starting his career in the church. With the help of his Wedgwood relatives

25、, Darwin was able to get his fathers permission.The Beagle left England on December 27, 1831. It was a small ship, only 90 feet long, with a crew of 74. Darwins laboratory was a small space at the end of the chartroom, where he also had his hammock for sleeping. Not only was his space cramped, but D

26、arwin suffered miserably from seasickness every day that the ship was at sea. He tried to remedy this by spending as much time ashore as possible and often traveled overland to meet up with the ship at another port.From England the Beagle sailed to the Cape Verde Islands and then to the Brazilian po

27、rt of Bahia, where it arrived on February 29, 1832. Darwin spent much of his time there collecting specimens from the surrounding forests. He also got into a violent quarrel with Fitzroy on the subject of slavery (a major question in Brazil at the time) to which Darwin was adamantly opposed. Reachin

28、g Rio de Janeiro in early April, Darwin met an Irishman and traveled with him by horseback for seven days to his coffee plantation in the interior. Along the way, he collected specimens of the teeming insect life.In July and August 1832 Darwin and the Beagle were in Montevideo in Uruguay. During thi

29、s first visit, the ships crew did not have many opportunities to go ashore because of civil unrest. On August 19, the Beagle headed south to begin surveying the coast of Patagonia in southern Argentina. On September 23 near Bahia Blanca, Darwin made a highly significant discovery he bones of numerou

30、s gigantic extinct Quadrupeds. There were remains of several different species, none of which existed any longer, and they were covered with seashells. The fact that these creatures had been alive whilst the sea was peopled with most of its present inhabitants was an important revelation.In January

31、1833, the Beagle sailed into the Beagle Channel south of the large island of Tierra del Fuego. It was hit by a storm that lasted 24 days and at one point almost overturned the ship. Darwin was seasick for most of the time. The aim in going to Tierra del Fuego was to return three native Fuegians that

32、 Fitzroy had taken on board during a previous voyage. With them went a missionary, sent to convert the Fuegians to Christianity. On their arrival, one of the Fuegians did not want to return home, and the ship had to return a week later to pick up the missionary who had been threatened with his life

33、by the Native Americans on the island. Soon after, they almost lost the ships boats when a glacier calved and created giant waves that almost washed the boats out to sea.In March and April 1833 the Beagle spent five weeks in the Falkland Islands, which had just been claimed by Great Britain. It spen

34、t the southern winter in the harbor in Montevideo. In August 1833 Fitzroy left Darwin ashore at the little town of Carmen de Patagones while the ship carried out routine surveying chores. Darwin rode overland to Bahia Blanca where he re-examined the fossil remains and thought about their significanc

35、e. By the time he left on September 8, 1833 he had begun to doubt the accepted view that the species were unchangeable and had existed in their current form ever since the Creation. His entire outlook on the nature of life had changed. He was careful, however, not to share his views with Fitzroy, wh

36、o remained a firm Creationist all his life.From Bahia Blanca Darwin traveled north across the Argentine pampas (plains) accompanied by gauchos (cowboys) who hunted with bolas and lazos (a kind of weighted lasso). Along the way he met the Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel Rosas, who was engaged in a wa

37、r of extermination against the Native Americans of the pampas. He saw flocks of rheas, a form of ostrich, which were flightless but could outrun most horses. Darwin found the remains of an unknown species of rhea that he sent back to England and which was named after him?Irhea darwinii.After reachin

38、g Buenos Aires and resting a few days at the home of an English merchant, Darwin traveled up the Parana River to the port city of Santa Fe, where he saw some more fossils. He then made a trip from Mercedes to Montevideo in Uruguay, where he met up with the Beagle on December 6, 1833. In March 1834,

39、after having visited the Falkland Islands once again, the Beagle went back to Tierra del Fuego where they met up with one of the returned Fuegians. In April they sailed up the coast of Patagonia, putting into the mouth of the Santa Cruz River to carry out some repairs.On April 18, 1834 Fitzroy and D

40、arwin with 23 men and three whaleboats set off on a three-week journey of exploration up the Santa Cruz River. They saw continual signs of Native Americans but never met up with any in the cold desert region of southern Patagonia. They traveled to the foothills of the Andes and came within a few mil

41、es of the rivers source at Lago Argentino without realizing it. Along the way, Darwin shot a condor that had a wing span of eight feet. To Darwins disappointment they were forced to turn back because of low supplies. The others wished not to, but Darwin remained cheerful: Almost every one is discont

42、ented with this expedition, much hard work, and much time lost and scarcely anything seen or gained . To me the cruize (sic) has been most satisfactory, from affording so excellent a section of the great tertiary formations of Patagonia.At the end of May 1834 the Beagle entered the Straits of Magell

43、an for the last time and then exited into the Pacific. Stormy weather made sailing slow, and they put in on Chiloe Island to wait for better weather. The ships purser died there. They reached Valparaiso, the chief port of Chile, on July 23, 1834. An old acquaintance from Shrewsbury was living there,

44、 and Darwin stayed as a guest in his house. Like many of his shipmates, he was ill for the first few weeks of his stay. In fact, it appears as though Fitzroy suffered a nervous breakdown in Valparaiso, and this delayed their departure. Darwin used the extra time to set out on an expedition across th

45、e Andes to the Argentine town of Mendoza. In November 1834 Fitzroy took the Beagle south again to Chiloe Island. Darwin was able to get a specimen of the very rare Chilotan fox by walking up behind it while it was observing two British officers take measurements and hitting it on the head with his g

46、eological hammer. On February 20, 1835 at Valdivia on the coast of Chile, they experienced the strongest earthquake that anyone in the area had experienced, which destroyed the city of Concepcion farther north. When they reached Concepcion, Darwin found that the earthquake had permanently raised the

47、 land and saw evidence of such uplift from previous quakes as well.新GRE写作名人素材库：林肯Lincoln, Abraham 1809 - 1865Abraham Lincoln: Preserving the UnionSixteenth president of the United States and president during the Civil War. Born February 12, 1809, in a log cabin on a farm in Hardin County, Kentucky.

48、His father had come with his parents from Virginia and had grown to manhood on the Kentucky frontier. He had evidently become moderately successful as a farmer and carpenter, for in 1803 he was able to pay ?18 for a farm near Elizabethtown. Three years later he married Nancy Hanks, described as inte

49、lligent, deeply religious, kindly, and affectionate, but as illiterate as himself. Of her family and background little is known.The young couple soon moved to the one-room cabin on Nolin Creek where their second child, Abraham, was born. Two years later the family moved to the farm on Knob Creek that Abraham later remembered. There, when there was no pressing work to be done, Abraham walked two miles to the schoolhouse, where he learned the rudimen