新GRE写作名人素材整合.doc

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1、新GRE写作名人素材整合 在新GRE写作中了解名人素材是非常重要的，我们一起来看看吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。新GRE写作名人素材库：富兰克林Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (nickname FDR) 1882 - 1945Thirty-second president of the United States. Born January 30, 1882, of his fathers second marriage, to Sara Delano, the daughter of a prominent family. The Roosevelts had

2、been moderately wealthy for many generations. Merchants and financiers, they had often been prominent in the civic affairs of New York. When Franklin was born, his father was 51 years old and semi-retired from a railroad presidency, and his mother was 28. Franklin was often in the care of a governes

3、s and tutors, and until at the age of 14 he attended Groton School, where he received a solid classical, historical, and mathematical training. His earnest attempts at athletics were mostly defeated because of his tall, ungainly frame.Roosevelt wanted to go to Annapolis, but his parents insisted on

4、preparation for the position natural for the scion of the Delano and Roosevelt families, so he entered Harvard University. He was a reasonably good student and found a substitute for athletics in reporting for the Harvard newspaper, of which he finally became editor. While seeming to be a Cambridge

5、socialite, he spent an extra year studying public affairs. He also met and determined to marry his cousin, Eleanor, to his mothers annoyance. Eleanor was the daughter of Elliott Roosevelt, a weak member of the family who had died early. Raised by relatives, she received a ladys education but little

6、affection. She was shy and retiring, but Franklin found her warm, vibrant, and responsive.Despite his mothers opposition, they were married in 1905, and Franklin entered Columbia University Law School. He prepared for the bar examinations and without taking a degree became a lawyer and entered a cle

7、rkship in the Wall Street firm of Carter, Ledyard and Milburn. He took his duties lightly, however, and it was later recalled that he had remarked to fellow clerks that he meant somehow to enter politics and finally to become president. There was never any doubt of his ambition.Roosevelts chance cam

8、e in 1910. He accepted the Democratic nomination for the New York Senate and was elected. Opportunity for further notice came quickly. Although his backing had come from Democrats affiliated with New York Citys notorious Tammany Hall, he joined a group of upstate legislators who were setting out to

9、oppose the election of Tammanys choice for U.S. senator. The rebels were successful in forcing acceptance of another candidate.Much of Roosevelts wide publicity from this struggle was managed by Albany reporter Louis McHenry Howe, who had taken to the young politician and set out to further his care

10、er. (This dedication lasted until Roosevelt was safely in the White House.) The Tammany fight made Roosevelt famous in New York, but it also won him the enmity of Tammany. Still, he was reelected in 1912. That year Woodrow Wilson was elected president; Roosevelt had been a campaign worker, and his e

11、fforts had been noticed by prominent party elder Josephus Daniels. When Daniels became secretary of the Navy in Wilsons Cabinet, he persuaded Wilson to offer Roosevelt the assistant secretaryship.As assistant secretary, Roosevelt began an experience that substituted for the naval career he had hoped

12、 for as a boy. Before long he became restless, however, and tried to capture the Democratic nomination for U.S. senator from New York. Wilson and Daniels were displeased. Daniels forgave him, but Wilson never afterward really trusted the brash young man. This distrust was heightened later by Rooseve

13、lts departure from the administrations policy of neutrality in the years preceding World War I. Roosevelt openly favored intervention, agitated for naval expansion, and was known to be rather scornful of Daniels, who kept the Navy under close political discipline.America soon entered the war, howeve

14、r, and Roosevelt could work for a cause he believed in. At that time there was only one assistant secretary, and he had extensive responsibilities. Howe had come to Washington with him and had become his indispensable guardian and helper. Together their management of the department was commendable.

15、Though Roosevelt tried several times to leave his civilian post to join the fighting forces, he was persuaded to remain. When the war came to an end and Wilson was stricken during his fight for ratification of the Versailles Treaty, there was an obvious revulsion throughout the United States from th

16、e disappointing settlements of the war. It seemed to many that the effort to make the world safe for democracy had resulted in making the world safe for the old empires.The Allied leaders had given in to Wilsons insistence on the creation of the League of Nations only to serve their real interest in

17、 extending their territories and in imposing reparations on Germany. These reparations were so large that they could never be paid; consequently the enormous debts the Allies owed to the United States would never be paid either. The American armies had saved Europe and the Europeans were ungrateful.

18、 Resentment and disillusion were widespread. The Republican party had the advantage of not having been responsible for these foreign entanglements. In 1920 they nominated Warren G. Harding, a conservative senator, as their presidential candidate. The Democrats nominated Governor James Cox of Ohio, w

19、ho had had no visible part in the Wilson administration; the vice-presidential candidate was Roosevelt.It was a despairing campaign; but in one respect it was a beginning rather than an ending for Roosevelt. He made a much more noticeable campaign effort than the presidential candidate. He covered t

20、he nation by special trains, speaking many times a day, often from back platforms, and getting acquainted with local leaders everywhere. He had learned the professional politicians breeziness, was able to absorb useful information, and had an infallible memory for names and faces. The defeat was dec

21、isive; but Roosevelt emerged as the most representative Democrat.新GRE写作名人素材库：亚里士多德Aristotle 384BC - 322BCGreek philosopher, scientist, physician. One of the greatest figures in the history of Western thought, Aristotle was born in Stagira, Macedonia. In 367 BC, he went to Athens, where he was associ

22、ated with Platos Academy until Platos death in 347 BC. He then spent time in Asia Minor and in Mytilene (on Lesbos). In 342 BC he was invited by Philip of Macedon to educate his son, Alexander (later, the Great). He returned to Athens (335 BC) and opened a school (the Lyceum); his followers were cal

23、led Peripatetics, supposedly from his practice of walking up and down restlessly during his lectures. After Alexanders death (323 BC), there was strong anti-Macedonian sentiment in Athens; Aristotle was accused of impiety and, perhaps with Socrates fate in mind, escaped to Chalcis in Euboea, where h

24、e died the next year.Aristotles writings represented an enormous, encyclopedic output over virtually every field of knowledge: logic, metaphysics, ethics, politics, rhetoric, poetry, biology, zoology, physics, and psychology. The bulk of the work that survives actually consists of unpublished materi

25、al in the form of lecture notes or students textbooks; but even this incomplete corpus is extraordinary for its range, originality, systematization, and sophistication.His work exerted an enormous influence on mediaeval philosophy (especially through St Thomas Aquinas), Islamic philosophy (especiall

26、y through Averro?s), and indeed, on the entire Western intellectual and scientific tradition. The works most read today include Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, Poetics, De anima and the Organon (treatises on logic).新GRE写作名人素材库：哥伦布哥伦布 (Columbus)Italian mariner and navigator; widely believe

27、d to be the first European to sail across the Atlantic Ocean and successfully land on the American continent. Born Cristoforo Colombo, between August and October 1451, in Genoa, Italy. Columbus was the eldest son of Domenico Colombo, a wool-worker and small-scale merchant, and his wife, Susanna Font

28、anarossa; he had two younger brothers, Bartholomew and Diego. He received little formal education and was a largely self-taught man, later learning to read Latin and write Castilian.Columbus began working at sea early on, and made his first considerable voyage, to the Aegean island of Chios, in 1475

29、. A year later, he survived a shipwreck off Cape St. Vincent and swam ashore, after which he moved to Lisbon, Portugal, where his brother Bartholomew was living. Both brothers worked as chartmakers, but Columbus already nurtured dreams of making his fortune at sea. In 1477, he sailed to England and

30、Ireland, and possibly Iceland, with the Portuguese marine, and he also bought sugar in Madeira for a Genoese firm.In 1479, Columbus married Felipa Perestello e Moniz, from an impoverished noble Portuguese family. Their son, Diego, was born in 1480. Felipa died in 1485, and Columbus later began a rel

31、ationship with Beatriz Enruez de Harana of Cordoba, with whom he had a second son, Ferdinand. (Columbus and Beatriz never married, but he provided for her in his will and legitimatized Ferdinand, in accordance with Castilian law.)By the mid-1480s, Columbus had become focused on his plans of discover

32、y, chief among them the desire to discover a westward route to Asia. In 1484, he had asked King John II of Portugal to back his voyage west, but had been refused. The next year, he went to Spain with his young son, Diego, to seek the aid of Queen Isabella of Castile and her husband, King Ferdinand o

33、f Aragon. Though the Spanish monarchs at first rejected Columbus, they gave him a small annuity to live on, and he remained hopeful of convincing them. In January of 1492, after being twice rebuffed, Columbus obtained the support of Ferdinand and Isabella. The favorable response came directly after

34、the fall of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, which led Spanish Christians to believe they were close to eliminating the spread of Islam in southern Europe and beyond. Christian missionary zeal, as well as the desire to increase Spanish prominence in Europe over that of Portugal and the

35、 desire for gold and conquest, were the primary driving forces behind Columbus?historic voyage.On August 3, 1492, the fleet of three ships he Ni, the Pinta, and the Santa Maret forth from Palos, on the Tinto River in southern Spain. After spending nearly a month in the Canary Islands, off the mainla

36、nd of northwest Africa, the ships continued west, following the parallel of Gomera. According to records of the voyage, weather remained fair throughout. The first sighting of land came at dawn on October 12. (Though Columbus claimed that he himself, on the Ni, was the first to see land, later evide

37、nce showed that the sighting was made from the Pinta.) The place of the first Caribbean landfall was most likely modern San Salvador, or Watling Island, in the Bahamas.Thinking he had reached the East Indies, Columbus referred to the native inhabitants of the island as ndians,?a term that was ultima

38、tely applied to all indigenous peoples of the New World. The three ships sailed among other Bahama islands and landed at Cuba, which Columbus convinced himself was the mainland of great Cathay (China). There was little gold there, and his exploration continued by sea to Ayti (Haiti) on December 6, w

39、hich Columbus renamed La Isla Espa la, or Hispaniola. He seems to have thought Hispaniola was Cipango (Japan); in any case, the land was rich with gold and other natural resources, and allowed Columbus to return to Spain in the spring of 1493 with riches enough to convince his sovereigns of his succ

40、ess.After a difficult journey back to Europe, Columbus paid a visit to King John II of Portugal, which prompted suspicion that he had collaborated with Spain enemy. He subsequently appeared before Isabella and Ferdinand in Barcelona, displaying gold, exotic birds, herbs and spices, and even human ca

41、ptives that he had brought from the New World. The sovereigns were easily persuaded to fund a second voyagehis time, at least 17 ships and 1,300 men set sail from Ciz on September 25, 1493. En route to Hispaniola and Navidad, the settlement he had founded there, Columbus and his fleet entered the We

42、st Indies near Dominica (which he named) and proceeded past Guadeloupe and other Lesser Antilles before reaching Borinqu (modern Puerto Rico).Upon reaching Navidad, Columbus found the settlement destroyed and the Spanish settlers dead, victims of strong native resistance against their colonial tacti

43、cs. After building more fortified settlements, including one named La Isabela, in honor of the queen, Columbus declared himself governor of Hispaniola, intending it to become a trading post for European settlers to conduct business with the rich Oriental empires he expected to find. After searching

44、the Cuban coastline and Jamaica for gold, Columbus had decided that Hispaniola was the richest source of gold and other spoils.In February 1494, 12 ships returned to Spain from La Isabela, commanded by Columbus?associate, Antonio de Torres. Two more of his subordinates, Alonso de Ojeda and Pedro Mar

45、garit, led a campaign of violence against the native inhabitants of Hispaniola, in revenge for the murder of their comrades at Navidad. They killed and captured many natives, taking them as slaves, seemingly with the full knowledge and approval of Columbus. Throughout the next two years, the Spaniar

46、ds continued their resolute conquest and colonization of Hispaniola.On March 10, 1496, Columbus set sail for Spain, leaving his two brothers, Bartholomew and Diego, in charge of Hispaniola. When he reached C iz, he found Spain at war with France and his benefactors even more eager to acquire gold an

47、d other riches from the New World. In command of six ships, three with explorers and three with provisions for settlement on Hispaniola, Columbus set sail for a third westward crossing on May 30, 1498. The first land sighting was at Trinidad, which Columbus named in honor of the Holy Trinity.When th

48、e expedition arrived back at Hispaniola, he found it in disarray, with a revolt mounting against his brothers led by the alcalde (mayor) of La Isabela, Francisco Rold. The chiefs of the indigenous tribes in Hispaniola, as well as a number of Spaniards, were incensed by Bartholomew Columbus?reorganiz

49、ation of the gold production process, which favored certain Spaniards over others and exploited the native labor force. As Columbus tried to restore order, sometimes resorting to hangings, Rold and his fellow opposition leaders sent so many letters of complaint against Columbus and his brothers back to Castile that the rulers sent the Spanish chief justice, Francisco de Bobadilla, to Hispaniola. Bobadilla took Columbus and his brothers into his custody and sent all thre