研究生英语阅读.ppt

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1、Lesson 2,Is the Aerospace Industry Ready for Mars?,CATALOGUE,About the Author,Warm-up Activities,Background Information,Language Points,Keys,text,About the Author,纽约时报（The New York Times）是一份在美国纽约出版的报纸，在全世界发行，有相当的影响力。它有时也被戏称为“灰色女士”（The Gray Lady）或简称为“时报”（The Times）。它最初的名字是“纽约每日时报”（The New-York Daily

2、Times），创始人是亨利J雷蒙德和乔治琼斯。他们当时打算发行一份比较严肃的报纸，来打破当时在纽约盛行的花花绿绿的新闻报道方式。,About the Author,1851September 18We publish today the first issue of the New-York Daily Times,and we intend to issue it every morning(Sundays excepted)for an indefinite number of years to come.The founders are Henry Jarvis Raymond and

3、George Jones.,在1851年9月18日它的首刊中该报写到：“今天我们发行纽约每日时报的首刊，我们打算在今后无限期内每天早晨（周日除外）发行一刊。”,About the Author,纽约时报享有可靠的新闻来源的声誉。它的社论一般被认为是比较开通的。不过实际上它的社论是由许多不同的作者撰写的，而他们的观点则从左到右各不相同。,许多年后该报也在周日发行。今天周日版是纽约时报每周篇幅最大的一版，除新闻报道外其中还包括许多专栏如食品、旅游、艺术和其它文化专题。,许多保守派人物认为纽约时报的新闻报道，尤其是它的社论，太自由开放。甚至有许多人就纽约时报对美国政治界的影响著书。与纽约时报相比在纽

4、约出版的另两份重要报纸纽约邮报和华尔街日报至少在其社论方面比较保守。,Warm-up Activities,Is it necessary and sensible for us to spend a huge amount of money to explore the outer space?,2.What do you know about Mars?In your opinion,is it possible that there life on Mars?,Background Information,Experimental space exploration dates back

5、 to as early as 1912 when the Europeans discovered cosmic rays through balloon flight.In the 1940s USA first observed the Suns UV spectrum and solar x rays.The former USSR sent Sputnik-1,the first artificial satellite,into space in 1957 which marked the advent of mans space exploration era.,Sputnik-

6、1,1.Space Exploration and Mars Survey,Background Information,In 1958 USA sent Pioneer 0 into Lunar Orbiter.Apollo 11 was the first manned lunar landing,which took place on July 20,1969.Neil A Armstrong and Edward E Aldrin collected 21.7 kilograms of soil and rock samples and deployed experiments.USA

7、 launched several manned lunar explorations in the late 1960s and early 1970s.Apollo 17 carried Eugene A Cernan,Harrison H Schmitt,and Ronald B Evans onto the moon on December 12,1972.They became the last persons on the moon.,Crew Apollo 11,1.Space Exploration and Mars Survey,1.Space Exploration and

8、 Mars Survey,Former USSRs attempts to explore Mars in the earlier 1960s failed.USA began its Mars exploration in 1964.Since then USA has been attempting to know more about Mars and considering sending man onto it.,Like Earth,Mars has polar ice caps and clouds in its atmosphere,seasonal weather patte

9、rns,volcanoes,canyons and other recognizable features.However,conditions on Mars vary wildly from what we know on our own planet.,Background Information,Mars,1.Space Exploration and Mars Survey,Over the past three decades,spacecraft have shown us that Mars is rocky,cold,and sterile beneath its hazy,

10、pink sky.Weve discovered that todays Martian wasteland hints at a formerly volatile world where volcanoes once raged,meteors plowed deep craters,and flash floods rushed over the land.And Mars continues to throw out new enticements with each landing or orbital pass made by spacecrafts.,Background Inf

11、ormation,Volcano on Mars,Among our discoveries about Mars,one stands out above all others:the possible presence of liquid water on Mars,either in its ancient past or preserved in the subsurface today.Water is key because almost everywhere we find water on Earth,we find life.If Mars once had liquid w

12、ater,or still does today,its compelling to ask whether any microscopic life forms could have developed on its surface.Is there any evidence of life in the planets past?If so,could any of these tiny living creatures still exist today?Imagine how exciting it would be to answer,“Yes!”,Background Inform

13、ation,1.Space Exploration and Mars Survey,Even if Mars is devoid of past or present life,however,theres still much excitement on the horizon.We ourselves might become the“life on Mars”should humans choose to travel there one day.Meanwhile,we still have a lot to learn about this amazing planet and it

14、s extreme environments.,Background Information,1.Space Exploration and Mars Survey,Background Information,2.Mars Exploration Rover Mission,NASAs twin robot geologists,the Mars Exploration Rovers,launched toward Mars on June 10 and July 7,2003,in search of answers about the history of water on Mars.T

15、hey landed on Mars January 3 and January 24 PST(January 4 and January 25 UTC).,The Mars Exploration Rover mission is part of NASAs Mars Exploration Program,a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the red planet.,Primary among the missions scientific goals is to search for and characterize a wid

16、e range of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity on Mars.The spacecraft are targeted to sites on opposite sides of Mars that appear to have been affected by liquid water in the past.The landing sites are at Gusev Crater,a possible former lake in a giant impact crater,and Meridiani P

17、lanum,where mineral deposits(hematite)suggest Mars had a wet past.,Background Information,2.Mars Exploration Rover Mission,After the airbag-protected landing craft settle onto the surface and open,the rovers will roll out to take panoramic images.These will give scientists the information they need

18、to select promising geological targets that will tell part of the story of water in Mars past.Then,the rovers will drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations over the course of their 90-day prime mission.,Background Information,2.Mars Exploration Rover Mission,These are th

19、e primary science instruments to be carried by the rovers:,Background Information,2.Mars Exploration Rover Mission,Panoramic Camera(Pancam):for determining the mineralogy,texture,and structure of the local terrain.,Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer(Mini-TES):for identifying promising rocks and

20、 soils for closer examination and for determining the processes that formed Martian rocks.The instrument will also look skyward to provide temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere.,Mssbauer Spectrometer(MB):for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils.,Alpha Pa

21、rticle X-Ray Spectrometer(APXS):for close-up analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils.,Background Information,2.Mars Exploration Rover Mission,Magnets:for collecting magnetic dust particles.The Mssbauer Spectrometer and the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer will analyze th

22、e particles collected and help determine the ratio of magnetic particles to non-magnetic particles.They will also analyze the composition of magnetic minerals in airborne dust and rocks that have been ground by the Rock Abrasion Tool.,Microscopic Imager(MI):for obtaining close-up,high-resolution ima

23、ges of rocks and soils.,Background Information,2.Mars Exploration Rover Mission,Rock Abrasion Tool(RAT):for removing dusty and weathered rock surfaces and exposing fresh material for examination by instruments onboard.,Before landing,the goal for each rover was to drive up to 40 meters(about 44 yard

24、s)in a single day,for a total of up to one 1 kilometer(about three-quarters of a mile).Both goals heve been far exceeded!,Background Information,2.Mars Exploration Rover Mission,Moving from place to place,the rovers will perform on-site geological investigations.Each rover is sort of the mechanical

25、equivalent of a geologist walking the surface of Mars.,The mast-mounted cameras are mounted 1.5 meters(5 feet)high and will provide 360-degree,stereoscopic,humanlike views of the terrain.The robotic arm will be capable of movement in much the same way as a human arm with an elbow and wrist,and will

26、place instruments directly up against rock and soil targets of interest.In the mechanical fist of the arm is a microscopic camera that will serve the same purpose as a geologists handheld magnifying lens.The Rock Abrasion Tool serves the purpose of a geologists rock hammer to expose the insides of r

27、ocks.,Background Information,2.Mars Exploration Rover Mission,3.Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster-A NASA Tragedy,Background Information,NASAs Shuttle program was begun in the 1970s,to create reusable craft for transporting cargo into space.Previous space craft could only be used once,then were disca

28、rded.The first shuttle,Columbia was launched in 1981.One year later,the Space Shuttle Challenger rolled off the assembly line as the second shuttle of the US fleet.They were followed by Discovery in 1983 and Atlantis in 1985.,The Space Shuttle Challenger flew nine successful missions before that fat

29、eful day of the disaster in 1986.,Explosion of Space Shuttle Challenger,Challenger Crew,Shuttle mission 51L was much like most other missions.The Challenger was scheduled to carry some cargo,the Tracking Data Relay Satellite-2(TDRS-2),as well as fly the Shuttle-Pointed Tool for Astronomy(SPARTAN-203

30、)/Halleys Comet Experiment Deployable,a free-flying module designed to observe tail and coma of Halleys comet with two ultraviolet spectrometers and two cameras.,Background Information,3.Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster-A NASA Tragedy,One thing made this mission unique.It was scheduled to be the fi

31、rst flight of a new program called TISP,the Teacher In Space Program.The Challenger was scheduled to carry Sharon Christa McAuliffe,the first teacher to fly in space.,Background Information,3.Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster-A NASA Tragedy,Selected from among more than 11,000 applicants from the ed

32、ucation profession for entrance into the astronaut ranks,McAuliffe was very excited about the opportunity to participate in the space program.I watched the Space Age being born and I would like to participate.,Besides McAuliffe,the Challenger crew consisted of mission commander Francis R.Scobee;pilo

33、t Michael J.Smith;mission specialists Ronald E.McNair,Ellison S.Onizuka,and Judith A.Resnik;and payload specialists Gregory B.Jarvis.Christa was also listed as a payload specialist.,Background Information,3.Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster-A NASA Tragedy,From the beginning,though,Shuttle Mission 51

34、L was plagued by problems.Liftoff was initally scheduled from at 3:43 p.m.EST on January 22,1986.It slipped to Jan.23,then Jan.24,due to delays in mission 61-C and finally reset for Jan.25 because of bad weather at transoceanic abort landing(TAL)site in Dakar,Senegal.The launch was again postponed f

35、or one day when launch processing was unable to meet new morning liftoff time.Predicted bad weather at Kennedy Space Center(KSC)caused the launch to be rescheduled for 9:37 a.m.EST,Jan.27,but it was delayed another 24 hours when ground servicing equipment hatch closing fixture could not be removed f

36、rom orbiter hatch.,Background Information,3.Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster-A NASA Tragedy,The fixture was sawed off and an attaching bolt drilled out before closeout completed.During this delay,the cross winds exceeded limits at KSCs Shuttle Landing Facility.There as a final delay of two hours wh

37、en a hardware interface module in the launch processing system,which monitors fire detection system,failed during liquid hydrogen tanking procedures.The Challenger finally lifted off at 11:38:00 a.m.EST.,Background Information,3.Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster-A NASA Tragedy,Seventy three seconds

38、into the mission,the Challenger exploded,killing the entire crew.,Language Points,1.be up to sth.(line 3,para.2),be well enough to do sth.胜任的,那译员的英语实在不能胜任那工作。,The interpreters English was not really up to the task.,Language Points,*be up to a particular standard,be of a good enough quality to reach

39、that standard 达到，接近于；及得上,那球队今天发挥得不是最理想的。,The team did not play up to its best today.,这工作没有达到我要求的标准。,The work isnt up to the standard I require.,Language Points,*be/feel up to doing sth,be well enough or not too tired to do sth 适应的,你身体怎样，可干点活吗？,Are you up to doing some work?,我觉得自己身体吃不消。,I dont think

40、I feel up to it.,Language Points,*be up to sb.to do sth,it is sbs responsibility to do sth.是的职责,教师理应拒受劣等作业。,It is up to the teacher not to accept shoddy work.,这事全由你定，是吗？,Its up to you,isnt it?,Language Points,*be up to sth,be doing sth.secretly that someone should not be doing（偷偷地）忙于的；密谋的,你骗不了我我知道你要

41、干什么。,You cant fool me I see what you are up to.,让我们去瞧瞧他在搞什么名堂。,Lets go and see what hes up to.,Language Points,2.take up an offer or a challenge(line 2,para.3),accept it 接受建议或挑战,你应按保险公司担保的条件找他们交涉。,You should take the insurance company up on their guarantee.,由于运动员们一个又一个地接受赛跑中领先者的挑战，万米赛跑的格局在不断变化。,As o

42、ne athlete after another took up the challenge of the frontrunners,the pattern of the 10,000 meters race was constantly changing.,Language Points,*take up an attitude or belief,adopt it and make it your own,as a standard for what you say and do 采取；接受,他对任何问题都采取积极进取的态度。,He takes up an active and aggre

43、ssive attitude to any problem.,Language Points,*take up a particular amount of time,space,or effort,use that amount 占用（时间，空间）；花费（精力）,Much of the day was taken up with classes or study.,这天的大部分时间用来上课或学习。,Language Points,*take up a point,an idea,or suggestion that has been raised,discuss it further,eit

44、her agreeing or disagreeing with what has already been said（进一步）讨论,进一步谈论一下那个问题，我觉得你说得很有道理，但你谈得还不够透彻。,Id like to take that up.I think theres a lot of truth in what you say,but you dont go far enough.,Language Points,*take up sth.such as a task or a story,begin again doing sth.that has been interrupte

45、d or that was begun by sb.else 继续,老师从他昨天停下的课程接着往下讲。,The teacher took up the lesson where he left off yesterday.,Language Points,3.brain drain(line2,para.5),emigration;the movement of a large number of scientists,engineers,academics,etc.away from their own country to other countries where the conditi

46、ons and salaries are better 人才外流,人才外流使我们冒者大批人才流失海外的危险。,We risk a major loss of talent to overseas jobs via a brain drain.,Language Points,*brain drain,an activity requiring great mental concentration resulting in fatigue and exhaustion 绞尽脑汁,那次的数学测验，我真是绞尽了脑汁。,That maths exam I took was a regular brai

47、n drain.,Language Points,*brain drained,emigrated（作为人才）移居,大约在10年前他移居到美国。,He is an English-man brain-drained to the U.S.some 10 years ago.,Language Points,4.be greeted with(line 2,para.6),meet 对作出反应,他们将感到震惊和以外。,They will be greeted with shock and surprise.,他（他的演讲）受到欢呼（一片嘘声）。,He(His speech)was greeted

48、 with cheers(catcalls).,Language Points,5.go out of business,fail in business;simply stop trading or operating 停业，歇业(line 3,para.13),自从超级市场出现后，许多小副食店已关闭。,A lot of small grocers have gone out of business since the advent of the supermarkets.,Language Points,*go into business,set up in business 从事商业,他

49、毕业后将去经商。,He will go into business when he leaves school.,Language Points,6.lay off(line 16,para.16),sack（因无活可干而被）解雇,他们不得不削减产量，解雇工人。,Theyve had to cut back production and lay off workers.,*lay off,Language Points,*lay off doing sth,give up or stop doing it 放弃；停止（工作）,医生叫他戒烟。,His doctor told him to lay

50、 off cigarettes.,他从来不肯闲者。,He never lays off.,Language Points,*lay off,leave sb.alone;stop touching sth 停止打扰；不要触碰,请别打扰我，好吗？,Lay me off,will you?,别碰那本书 那是我的。,Lay off that book its mine!,Language Points,7.be subject to sth.(line 2,para.20),be affected by sth.or be made to experience sth.受影响的；有待于的；需要的,这