研究生英语写作教程.ppt

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1、COMPARISON AND CONTRAST比较与对比,教学重点：1）比较与对比的段落的写作手法；2）常用表达法和基本句型；3）连接词的运用。教学难点：段落的两种结构方式。教学内容：1 Concepts of comparison and contrast 2 Strategies 3 Useful expressions and sentence patterns 4 Connectives,1.Pictures Brainstorming Generating Ideas,2.Writing Strategies,In making contrast,we have to compare

2、.There is no other way to point out the difference,i.e.the contrast.What is of great importance is to know that professional writers frequently use these two strategies to develop paragraphs.There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of comparison and contrast.One way is to examine one thing

3、thoroughly and then start the other Allabout pattern;The other way is to examine two things at the same time,discussing them point by point Seesaw pattern.,2.1 To examine one thing thoroughly and then start the other.,Focus:The aspects examined in the two things should be identical and in the same o

4、rder.Pattern:A1,A2,A3;B1,B2,B3.（Allabout Pattern）Example:Contrast 1My hometown is quite different from what it used to be.Subtopic:2Just a little more that ten years ago my hometown was a small quiet place.A（1）3The houses were small and mean.A（2）3The streets were for the most part narrow and winding

5、.A（3）3There were few people in the streets and shops.,Subtopic:2Now,everything has changed.B（1）:3Looking in every direction from the center of the town,one sees a long succession of giant,imposing buildings.B（2）:3The streets,whether long or short,are straight,spacious,and well-shaded.B（3）:3 Crowds o

6、f people can be found here and there,hurrying,noisy,and well-dressed.C From a dull little village with clusters of shabby houses in the past,my hometown has now transformed into a big city,cheerful,colorful,and prosperous.,2.2 To examine two things at the same time,discussing them point by point.,Fo

7、cus:Aspects examined in two things should be identical and in the same order.Pattern:A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3(Seesaw Pattern)Example:comparison.1Despite their obvious differences in length,the paragraph and the essay are quite similar structurally.A（1）:2For example,the paragraph is introduced by either a t

8、opic sentence or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence.B（1）:2In the essay,the first paragraph provides introductory material and establishes the topic focus.A（2）:2Next,the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence.B（2）:2Similarly,the body of an essay consists of a num

9、ber of paragraphs that expand and support the ideas presented in the introductory paragraph.,A（3）:2 Finally,a terminator-whether a restatement,conclusion,or observation-ends the paragraph.B（3）:2The essay,too,has a device which brings its ideas to a logically and psychologically satisfying completion

10、:the concluding paragraph.C Although exceptions to these generalizations may be observed in modern creative writing,most well written expository paragraphs and essays are comparable in structure.Notes:1)1,2,3 indicates the level of generality at which a sentence is in the paragraph.2)C is the short

11、form of conclusion,that is,the concluding sentence.,2.3 An Analysis of An Essay,These two patterns can also be used to compose an essay.Now read the following short essay and analyze it according to what you have learned so far Paris and Washington differ in age and population;however,anyone who has

12、 seen the two cities can tell that they are very similar.Of course,Paris is much older than Washington.The French city is over2000 years old.Washington,in contrast,is very young.It is less than 250 years old.The population of Paris is also much larger than Washingtons Paris has more than 2,500,000 p

13、eople.Washington has just over 700,000.,In spite of these differences,the similarities are striding.First,both cities are the political centers of their countries.The president of France lives in the heart of Paris,in the Elysees Palace.Likewise,the president of the United States has its meeting pla

14、ce in Washington,in the Capitol.Second,the two cities look similar.LEnfant,the French engineer who designed Washington,was greatly influenced by the layout of the capital of France.For this reason,many of the buildings and monuments in Washington are symmetrically located in views of one another,jus

15、t as they are in Paris.Both cities are also the sites of magnificent monuments,important historical landmarks,fine museums,beautiful parks,and board,treelined avenues.Finally,tourism is as important for Washington as it is for Paris Every year millions of tourists from all parts of the world visit t

16、hese cities to view their attractions,Questions,1.Which is the thesis statement of the essay?2.Find the topic sentence and controlling idea of the 2nd and 3rd paragraph.3.Find the connectives in the 3rd paragraph.4.Which pattern does this essay follow?,2.4 Planes of Generality of the Essay,1 Paris a

17、nd Washington differ in age and population;however,anyone who has seen the two cities can tell that they are very similar.(Thesis statement:tell the readers what they can expect to read in the essay.)2The two cities differ in age and population.3 Of course,Paris is much older than Washington.4 The F

18、rench city is over2000 years old.Washington,in contrast,is very young.It is less than 250 years old.3 The population of of Paris is also much larger than Washingtons.4 Paris has more than 2,500,000 people.Washington has just over 700,000.,2 In spite of these differences,the similarities are striding

19、.3 First,both cities are the political centers of their countries.4The president of France lives in the heart of Paris,in the Elysees Palace.Likewise,the president of the United States has its meeting place in Washington,in the Capitol.3 Second,the two cities look similar.4 LEnfant,the French engine

20、er who designed Washington,was greatly influenced by the layout of the capital of France.,5 For this reason,many of the buildings and monuments in Washington are symmetrically located in views of one another,just as they are in Paris.Both cities are also the sites of magnificent monuments,important

21、historical landmarks,fine museums,beautiful parks,and board,treelined avenues.3 Finally,tourism is as important for Washington as it is for Paris.4 Every year millions of tourists from all parts of the world visit these cities to view their attractions,3.Expressions and Sentence Patterns,3.1 Similar

22、ity,a.Model A is the same as Model B structurally.identical with in design.similar to likeb.The two Models are alike structurally identical in design the same similar c.Sweden,like Finland,has very large resources of timber.,3.2 Difference,Model X is different from Model Y structurally is not the sa

23、me as in design.differs from,3.3 Comparison,Model A is cheap.Similarly,Model B is inexpensive.,3.4 contrast,while whereas,whilst.而（含有相对之意）whilea.Model A is stylish,whereas Model B is old-fashioned.whilst While Whereas Model A is stylish,Model B is old-fashioned.Whilstb.but,however,nevertheless但是，然而

24、but Model A is stylish,however Model B is old-fashioned.neverthelessc.unlike与有别,compared with,与相比 in contrast to与成对比UnlikeCompared with Model A,Model B is old-fashioned.In contrast tod.on the other hand 然而Model A is stylish.On the other hand,Model B is old-fashioned.,3.5 In-Class Practice,Agents of

25、Gender Socialization,3.6 Exercise,Write a paragraph to contrast department stores and supermarkets following the allabout pattern and another following the seesaw pattern.Department stores SupermarketsFunction:shopping shopping Location:downtown uptownService:warmhearted service self-serviceCommodit

26、ies:specialized in clothes specialized in food and householdsPrice:expensive cheapTopic Sentence:Although department stores and supermarkets are similar in function,they differ from each other in several aspects.,5.2 Exercise,Study the example of the comparison and contrast between Paris and Washington carefully,and write an essay of comparing and contrast two things following the model.,