手把手教你攻克GRE长阅读.doc

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1、手把手教你攻克GRE长阅读 深入熟悉阅读*的内部的结构与逻辑关系,攻克GRE长阅读我们一起看看吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。深入熟悉阅读*的内部的结构与逻辑关系,攻克GRE长阅读自从20XX年8月GRE改革取消了类反题目，增加阅读部分的比例(占verbal题目总数的50%)后，GRE阅读部分的重要性可想而知。但是，GRE阅读，特别是文学、社会科学等*类型一直以来都是广大中国考生最头痛的，也是最难提高的部分。于是，经过多次考试实战和多年阅读*的研究，笔者发现在GRE阅读的*里，还是有一些广大考生所不熟悉的“规律”。因此，在*里，笔者将尝试去解开GRE阅读中最让考生头痛的“阅读规律”-逻辑、

2、结构以及*的同一概念的同义替换-希望可以帮助广大考生快速提高阅读分数和阅读能力。官方真题例3.1：建议考生先自己阅读下面的*，阅读完后再看后面我们给出的分析。Notable as important nineteenth-centurynovels by women, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Emily Brontes WutheringHeights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text inwhich the fates of subordinate fema

3、le characters seem entirely dependent on theactions of male heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realisticnarrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparentlyhigh-spirited, independent women. Nevertheless, these two novels are alike inseveral crucial ways. Many reader

4、s are convinced that the compelling mysteriesof each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, thoughshadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, thoughefforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated muchcontroversy. Both novelists use a st

5、orytelling method that emphasizes ironicdisjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well asironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama andconcealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrativetechnique.分析：Notableas important nineteenth

6、-century novels by women, Mary Shelleys Frankensteinand Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates ofsubordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of maleheroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more rea

7、listic narrative, portraying aworld where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independentwomen. Nevertheless, these twonovels are alikein several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compellingmysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce,

8、though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions,though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated muchcontroversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironicdisjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well

9、 as ironictensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealedauthorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.首先，该篇*的主题句分别为第1句和第4句。从结构的角度而言，第1层结构为*提到的2个作者在各自的作品中对待女性的不同点。接着用2个句子分别来具体描写它们的不同之处。第2层结构为*提到的2个作者在各自的作品中对待女性的相同点。接着还是用2个句子分别来具体描写它们的相同之处。从逻辑的角度

10、而言，differently为对比逻辑关系里的不同逻辑。alike为对比逻辑关系里的相同逻辑。Nevertheless,为转折(也即是广义的相反)逻辑。需要提醒的是，考生要注意到nevertheless转折的并非是其最前面的那一句，而是该篇*的第1层逻辑的不同点，也就是第一句。笔者这样说只是想时刻提醒读者，阅读的精髓本质并非是简单地对原文的中文翻译，而是看到句子与句子的结构、逻辑关系和联系、*的主旨与细节。下面一起来题目：例题：Theprimary purpose of the passage is toA. defend acontroversial interpretation of tw

11、o novelsB. explainthe source of widely recognized responses to two novelsC. delineatebroad differences between two novelsDpareand contrast two novelsE. criticizeand evaluate two novels解析：该题很明显为主旨题目。直接从刚才我们对*的结构和逻辑分析不难得出，该篇*主要的逻辑是对比逻辑。因此考生在看选项的时候，切记要先看动词。很快我们可以得出答案为D选项。例题2：Accordingthe passage, Frank

12、enstein differs from Wuthering Heights in itsA use of multiple narratorsB method of disguising theauthors real purposesC portrayal of men asdeterminers of the novels actionD creation of a realistic storyE controversial effect onreaders解析：该题为细节中的不同逻辑关系的题目。具体而言就是问Frankenstein 和 WutheringHeights这2本小说不同

13、之处在于Frankenstein(题目用代词its表示)的什么。考生这时候应该思考一下，该题的答案应该定位到原文哪一层结构?没错，就在第1层。因为只有第1层才说的是不同之处。而题目更加详细地问我们是Frankenstein这本小说怎样。于是回到原文对应的地方：“Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates ofsubordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of maleheroes or anti-heroes.”我们不难得出，该句的大意是

14、在说：Frankenstein这本小说描写的是女性角色的命运完全依赖于男性的行为。从逻辑关系的角度而言，就是女性角色和男性角色的行为的逻辑关系。那么答案也必然是对该逻辑关系的同义替换。所以答案不难得出是C选项。有意思的是，原文的表达是：女性角色的命运完全依赖男性的行为;而正确答案的表达为：男性决定女性角色。由于篇幅的关系，更全面的逻辑关系和原文对正确选项的替换类型，我们会在课堂上或者后面出版的阅读书籍中详细阐述。官方真题例3.2：建议考生先自己阅读下面的*，阅读完后再看后面我们给出的分析。Although scientists observe that anorganisms behavior

15、 falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how thesepatterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. Oneexperimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinoiswaters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when itwas high

16、tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms hadadapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit anunequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possibleexogenous inf

17、luences (those outside the organism) on the oysters rhythms. Anotherexperimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from Californiamaintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded thatendogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organismsrhythmic be

18、havior解析：Although scientists observe that an organisms behaviorfalls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns areaffected when the organism is transported to a new environment.One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinoiswaters. She noted that the

19、 oysters initially opened their shells widest when itwas high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms hadadapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit anunequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,Brown concluded that a c

20、hange in tide schedule is one of several possibleexogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters rhythms.Another experimenter,Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain theiroriginal rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenousinfluences (thos

21、e inside the organism) seem to affect an organisms rhythmicbehavior该篇*的主旨为第1句。由第1句中的disagree一词可以预判*后面应该会出现关于disagree后面的部分的内容的不同的观点。*的结构于是不难得出可以分为2层。第1层即是第一句，为该篇*主题句。第2层中分为2小点。第1点为one部分的内容，也即是Brown的实验的具体内容和发现的结果以及结论。第2点为Hamner的具体的实验的内容和结论。需要提醒考生的是，*中主题和细节的重复的部分。也就是当考生看完主旨句的时候，就应该意识到，scientists, organ

22、isms behavior, environment都是抽象词，*后面会不断具体重复这几个主题抽象词。例如：scientists=Brown+ Hamnerorganism= oysters+ hamstersenvironment= Connecticut+ Illinois+ Californiabehavior= opened their shells widest + adapted to +maintain their original rhythms官方真题例3.3：A Marxist sociologist has argued thatracism stems from the

23、 class struggle that is unique to the capitalistsystemthat racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means ofcontrolling workers. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discriminationagainst Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as“racially-based negat

24、ive prejudgments against a group generally accepted as arace in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as alsoincluding hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California andthe Jews in medieval Europe. However, since prejudice against these latterpeoples was not i

25、nspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonismswere not really based on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) ofboth the intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism and the earlytwentieth-century discrimination against Oriental people in California, which,inconv

26、eniently, was instigated by workers.分析：A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist systemthat racial prejudice is generated by capitalistsas a means of controlling workers. His thesis worksrelatively well when applied to discrimination

27、againstBlacks inthe United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgmentsagainst agroup generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostilitytoward suchethnic groups as the Chinese in Californi

28、a and the Jews in medieval Europe.However, since prejudice against these latter peoples was not inspired by capitalists,he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really basedon race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the intolerancefaced by Jews before the rise of capitalisman

29、d the early twentieth-century discriminationagainst Oriental people inCalifornia, which, inconveniently, was instigated by workers.上面的不同的颜色或者符号标记，代表该GRE*中大量的-同义替换。如下：1, racismracialprejudicediscriminationracial prejudiceracially-based negativeprejudgments-hostilityantagonismsintolerance-discriminati

30、on2， stemsform-generated by-inspired by -based oninstigated by -provoked by3, capitalist system- capitalists- capitalism4, A Marxist sociologist- His- He5, class struggle-a means of controlling workers6,againsttowardagainst.(很多很多的against)7， Chinese- Oriental people那么大家思考过没有，*在后面展开过程中，为啥不断地同义替换那几个词?也

31、就是大家如果在看*第一句：A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class strugglethat is unique to the capitalist systemthat racial prejudice is generated bycapitalists as a means of controlling workers.的时候，应该想到什么?其实，如果对GRE阅读熟悉的话，就应该清楚，很多*的写作意图是反驳别人的观点。那么我们思考一下，后面作者会怎么反驳那个马克思学家?对，应该是从如下两点：1、在某

32、某情况下，也存在racism,可是不是由于classstruggle.2、在某某情况下，也存在racism,可是那时候，还没有capitalistsystem.也就是我们在后文的不断的反驳中，不得不去重复这几个概念：偏见、来自于、资本主义第一点反驳：在某某情况下，你得说也存在这种偏见。第二点反驳：同样，你也得说，在某某情况下，也存在偏见，可是那时候还没有资本主义。试想一下，如果我们在看*的时候，在脑海里，把刚才那些所有的同义替换的单词，都理解为同一个概念，或者说idea，那么我们看*的时候，就可以把前面看到的概念和后面看到的“联系”起来。这样，就不会像大多数的中国考生那样，看到后面的intol

33、erance, antagonisms 的时候，就开始绞尽脑汁地回想那些单词的中文意思。那么，大家再思考一下，如果我们能够有这种“deliberate oversimplification”-在看*的时候，有意的把那些相同的概念的单词联系起来，脑海里出现同一个“概念”，而不是每个单词的对应的中文翻译。那么，看起*来，就够快，而且，最重要的是，你可以把整篇*串起来!这样，在考场上看*的时候，才可以在规定的时间里，看完*并且做完题目。以上所探讨的问题，也是考生在备考的时候，应该注意到并且熟悉的一点。小结：从上面笔者对阅读*的分析，读者不难发现，真正对阅读*的理解远远不是简单的翻译即可，而是要深入熟

34、悉阅读*的内部的结构与逻辑关系。备考的时候，只要考生对GRE阅读*的结构、逻辑关系以及出题规律的无比熟悉，而并非简单的记忆词汇和进行题海战术，那么对的阅读的攻破也将唾手可得。GRE考试阅读模拟练习题1.In Bassaria a group of that countrys most senior judges has criticized the uniform mandatory sentences recently introduced for certain specific crimes.The judges argue that such sentences， by deprivi

35、ng them of all discretion in setting sentences， make it impos-sible for them to consider either aggravating or exten-uating circumstances and so make it impossible to achieve true justicethe fitting of the severity of the punishment to the gravity of the particular crime.Which of the following， if t

36、rue， provides the strongest evidence for the claim that in Bassaria the newly introduced mandatory sentences are not necessarily a change for the worse with respect to achieving true justice as defined in the argument?(A)Before mandatory sentencing， judges in eastern Bassaria imposed strikingly diff

37、erent sentences from those in western Bassaria for equally grave instances of the same kind of offense.(B)In Bassaria the frequency of crimes that have been made subject to mandatory sentences is lower now than it was just prior to the intro-duction of mandatory sentencing.(C)The law introducing man

38、datory sentences was passed in the legislature of Bassaria by a large majority and is unlikely to be repealed in the foreseeable future.(D)There used to be a wide difference between the minimum and the maximum sentences allowed by law in cases of crimes now subject to man-datory sentences.(E)In Bass

39、aria judges are appointed for life and are thus not easily influenced by political pressure groups.2.Each of two particular inspection systems that are based on different principles would detect all product flaws but would also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products.Assuming there is

40、no overlap between the products erroneously rejected by the two systems and also no interference between the systems if both operate，using both systems and rejecting only those products found flawed by both would be a way of avoiding all erroneous rejections.Which of the following most precisely cha

41、racterizes the reasoning in the argument?(A)The reasoning is conclusive， that is， the conclusion cannot be false if the statements offered in its support are true.(B)The reasoning is strong but not conclusive， if the statements offered in support of the conclusion are true， they provide good grounds

42、 for that conclu-sion， though it is possible that additional infor-mation might weaken the argument.(C)The reasoning is weak; the statements offered in support of the conclusion， though relevant to it，by themselves provide at best inadequate grounds for the conclusion.(D)The reasoning is flawed in t

43、hat the conclusion is no more than a paraphrase of one of the pieces of evidence offered in its support.(E)The reasoning is flawed in that the argument treats evidence that a factor is necessary to bring about an event as if it were evidence that the factor is sufficient to bring about that event.3.

44、 In recent years， there has been a dramatic decline in the population of the shrike， a predatory bird that inhabits flat land， such as farms and pastures. Some ornithologists hypothesize that this decline is due to the introduction of new， more effective pesticides to control the insect species on w

45、hich shrikes prey.The answer to which of the following questions is NOT relevant to evaluating the ornithologists hypothesis?(A) Was there a decline in the shrike population before the new pesticides were first used?(B) Have shrike populations declined significantly in those habitats where the new p

46、esticides have not been used?(C) Have the new pesticides more significantly reduced the population of insect species on which shrikes prey than did the pesticides previously used?(D) Are insects that have consumed the new pesti-cides more toxic to the shrikes that eat those insects than were insects

47、 that consumed the less effective pesticides?(E) Are the new pesticides considered by most people to be less harmful to the environment than the old pesticides were considered to be?参考答案：AAEGRE考试阅读模拟练习题1.It has long been thought that high levels of the hor-mone testosterone contribute to the onset of heart disease in