病原学诊断与防治.ppt
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1、2023/6/22,1,第一篇 微生物学基础,第八章 病原学诊断与防治 Laboratory Diagnosis and Prevention Principles 第一节 细菌学诊断 第二节 病毒学诊断 第三节 真菌学诊断 第四节 特异性预防与治疗,2023/6/22,2,Outline,Laboratory diagnosis for bacterial infectionsMorphological-microscopic MolecularSerologicalLaboratory diagnosis for viral infectionsMorphological-electron
2、 microscopic Isolation Molecular:nucleic acids and proteins SerologicalLaboratory diagnosis for fungal infectionsMorphological-microscopicIsolation,2023/6/22,3,2023/6/22,4,Assays,Morphological assaysLight or electron microscopiesIsolation and differentiationSerological assaysAntigen-antibody assays
3、Molecular assaysMicroorganisms gene(DNA&RNA),2023/6/22,5,Principles for Specimen Collection,Sterile manipulation,avoid contaminationObtain a specimen from the infected siteaccording to the disease phasebefore administrating antibioticsDouble sera for antibody detections,acute and recovery phase each
4、Positive if the titer of the later specimen is above 4X to the first specimenTransport,and store correctlyas soon as possibleStore at-4oC for most bacterial specimens,but keep warm for Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeaeStore at-4oC-70oC for viral specimens,2023/6/22,6,Laboratory Diagno
5、sis for Bacterial Infections,Morphological Protein and Nucleic acidsAntibody,2023/6/22,7,标本的采集和送检六原则,无菌取材,避免杂菌污染,不同期不同标本,用抗生素以前,采集病变明显部位,运送注意保存,标本必须新鲜,2023/6/22,8,病原菌的检查程序,药物敏感试验,标本,直接涂片镜检,分离培养,生化试验,血清学试验,动物试验,明确诊断,初步诊断,分子生物学技术,其他检测技术,2023/6/22,9,Bacteriological Diagnosis,Identifying the organismMor
6、phological Isolation&cultureBiochemical reaction Serological assays,Pathogenesis&antibiotics susceptibilityAnimal experimentVirulence testantibiotics susceptibility,2023/6/22,10,Morphological,Non-stained microscopic observationDark-field microscopyObserving the movement of live bacteriaStained micro
7、scopic observationsGram stainAcid-fast stainFluorescence stain,2023/6/22,11,2023/6/22,12,2023/6/22,13,2023/6/22,14,2023/6/22,15,2023/6/22,16,2023/6/22,17,Isolation&Culture:Colony,SizeShapeColorSurface featuresSmooth-RoughTransparencyHemolysis,2023/6/22,18,2023/6/22,19,2023/6/22,20,分离培养isolation and
8、cultivation,分离培养是微生物学诊断的金标准,是最可靠的传统诊断技术。(图为普通培养箱),2023/6/22,21,厌氧罐 厌氧袋,2023/6/22,22,Biochemical Reactions,Sugar Fermentation H2S Test Citrate utilization,2023/6/22,23,Serological Assays,Detection antibody in the patients serumA current infection should beIgM positiveA 4-fold or greater rise on antib
9、ody titer between the acute serum sample and the convalescent serum sampleMajor drawbacksA single IgG antibody titer is difficult to interpret because it is unclear whether it represents a current or a previous infectionthe convalescent sample is usually taken 10-14 days after the acute sample.By th
10、is time,the patient has often recovered and the diagnosis becomes a retrospective oneSome exceptionsIn certain diseases,a single titer of sufficient magnitude can be used as presumptive evidence of a current infection,2023/6/22,24,基本原则用已知抗体检测未知抗原;用已知抗原检测未知抗体。最简易的方法有玻片凝集等试验。常用的方法有:凝集试验、沉淀试验、补体结合试验、EL
11、ISA、免疫荧光等。,免疫学试验,2023/6/22,25,Animal experiment,AnimalsMouseGuinea Pig Rabbit Dog MonkeyInoculation routesIntradermal SubcutaneousIntraperitoneal IntravenousIntracranial/intracerebral IntraspinalIntranasal Lavage,2023/6/22,26,Virulence Test,Median lethal dose,LD50Median infective dose,ID50Elek Plate
12、Diphtherotoxin Corynebacterium diphtheriaeEnterotoxinenterotoxigenic E.coli,2023/6/22,27,Antibiotic Susceptibility Test,Method,2023/6/22,28,MIC&MBC,Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MICMinimum Bactericidal Concentration,MBCBactericidal drugs usually have an MBC equal or very similar to the MICBacteri
13、ostatic drugs usually have an MBC significantly higher than the MIC,2023/6/22,29,2023/6/22,30,Bacterial Proteins,DNA&RNA,Antigens(Proteins)Known antibodiesAgglutination,coagulation,precipitation,ELISA,Immunofluorescence,radioimmunoassayDNA&RNAPCRNucleic acid hybridization,2023/6/22,31,Detection of B
14、acterial Antigens,Precipitation testCoagglutination testImmunoflorecence,IFMcAb technique,2023/6/22,32,2023/6/22,33,2023/6/22,34,Bacterial DNA&RNA,PCRDNA probe&hybridizationDNA hybridization(southern blot)Plasmid fingerprint analysisRestrict multimorphologic analysis,2023/6/22,35,2023/6/22,36,2023/6
15、/22,37,PCR,2023/6/22,38,分子生物学技术 molecular biological techniques,核酸杂交 nucleotide hybridization 原位杂交 in situ hybridization 斑点杂交 dot blot Southern blot Northern blot PCR 技术:多聚酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR),2023/6/22,39,PCR 是一种无细胞的分子克隆 技术,能在体外将一个基因或 一段DNA 序列经过多次循 环的DNA复制,在数小时内扩 增上百万倍。既便于基因诊断,又利于 研究
16、。,2023/6/22,40,2023/6/22,41,Gene Chip/microarray,2023/6/22,42,Diagnosis Strategy for Bacterial Infection,2023/6/22,43,第25章 病毒感染的诊断 P238Laboratory Diagnosis for Viral Infection,Morphological Isolation&Culture Protein&Nucleic acids Serological,2023/6/22,44,病毒感染的检测,一、标本的采集与运送,急性期标本;根据感染性质取不同的标本;标本置于转运液
17、中;冷藏快运。,2023/6/22,45,Morphological,Electron microscopy,EM Immunoelectron microscopy,IEMLight MicroscopyInclusion bodyNegri body,2023/6/22,46,2023/6/22,47,二、病毒分离培养 病毒分离的一般程序是,接种易感动物 出现症状 血清学检测标本 杀灭杂菌 鸡胚 病变或死亡 鉴定 细胞培养 细胞病变,2023/6/22,48,Isolation and Culture,Animal inoculationChicken egg culture:914 da
18、ysTissue cultureOrgan cultureTissue cultureCell culture,2023/6/22,49,Cell culture,2023/6/22,50,2023/6/22,51,Type of Cultured Cells,Primary cell culturePassage 2-3 generationsDiploid cell culture2-fold chromosomes,Passage 50100 generations,safe,can be used for vaccine manufactureContinuous cell line
19、culture Mutant diploid cells,mostly tumor cells,easy to passage and maintainNot sensitive as diploid cells,may have endogenous viruses,can not be used for vaccine manufacture,2023/6/22,52,Indications of Viral Propagation,Cytopathic effect,CPE HemadsorptionHemagglutinationViral interferenceNeutraliza
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- 病原学 诊断 防治
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