写作中的人称问题.ppt

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1、写作中的人称问题,主讲：孙兆霞,写作视角，文章写作的角度，由作者的写作目的和读者对象决定，角度选择的错误或前后不一致，会造成行文的混乱和读者的迷惑。写作的视角可分为三种：第一人称第二人称第三人称,人称与写作视角,突出作者或者作者群体。例如：In my survey,I found thatIn our survey,we found that注意：I和we可以避免使用。This survey shows that,第一人称（First Person）,描述个人经历。例如：To illustrate,when I first moved to the U.S.,I could not speak

2、 English very well.I especially had trouble withFor example,travel helped me overcome burnout.To relax from my stressful job as a computer programmer,I went to Buffalo,where I saw a wonderful sight,Niagara Falls.When I looked up at the falls,the gushing water seemed to fall from the sky,and I could

3、feel its power.The sight was so beautiful that I was more inspired to do my work.,第一人称（First Person）,为了表示作者与写作对象属于同一个群体（泛指）。例如：We undergraduates believe that certain changes must be made at this university.We teachers work hard to prepare for our classes.考虑下这两个句子是在那种场合下使用的？,第一人称（First Person）,第一人称使用

4、要慎重。私人写作口气不正式，一般多涉及到私人事务，较亲近，第一人称较常见。而正式的写作要求客观、不受个人情感影响，因此除用于描述个人经历以支持论点外，应避免使用第一人称，而应该多使用第三人称进行概括。,第一人称（First Person）,介绍（或解释一个过程）例如：To change a flat tire,you must take a systematic approach.First,you need to Then,you should After,it is a good idea that you If you follow these steps,you shouldnt ha

5、ve any trouble changing a flat tire.,第二人称（Second Person）,给读者提建议（进行推荐）例如：To improve your English,you can watch more TV,visit with your American friends,read more in English,and keep a journal in English.You should not just sit in your room with a book and tape because you are not getting any feedback

6、 on your use of the language.,第二人称（Second Person）,用于泛指（you被用来指与本人无关的所用人，不特指某个读者）。例如：When you are in trouble,you find out who your friends are.,第二人称（Second Person）,正式的写作中，慎用第二人称。第二人称较口语化，不够正式。Speaking a foreign language can be embarrassing.To illustrate,when you first moved to the U.S.,you could not

7、speak English very well.You especially had trouble withFor example,travel helped you overcome burnout.To relax from your stressful job as a computer programmer,you went to Buffalo,where you saw a wonderful sight,Niagara Falls.When you looked up at the falls,the gushing water seemed to fall from the

8、sky,and you could feel its power.The sight was so beautiful that you were more inspired to do your work.,第二人称（Second Person）,不要用第二人称写自己的亲身经历，如果读者与作有同感，使用第二人称还有些道理，可是如果读者对你写的情况并不熟悉，也根本没有发生过你写的事件时，这种写法就会很不自然。,第二人称（Second Person）,正式写作中多用（he,she,it,one,they）。第三人称客观明晰，能更好地突出文章主题。,第三人称（Third Person）,注意避免出

9、现第三人称使用中的性别歧视问题（sexism）传统上讲，男性代（名）词可用以指称男女混合的人群。“A student can edit his essays quickly with a word processor.”但社会发展到今天，用男性代（名）词指称男女两个性别就有歧视之嫌。,第三人称（Third Person）,方法一：有的作者通过明确指出男女两个代（名）词来陈述。A student can write his or her papers quickly with a word processor.He or she will find that it is easier to se

10、lect and move passages and proofread and edit his or her papers.The papers he or she writes will also look better and be easier for his or her professor to read.,四个方法避免性别歧视,方法二：有的作者试图通过全文使用one来解决性别歧视问题。但是，one和ones的用法很正式，通篇使用不自然。有的人就用he or she代替one，用his or her代替ones，行文会比较罗嗦。One can write ones papers

11、quickly with a word processor.One will find that it is easier to select and move passages and proofread and edit ones papers.The papers one writes will also look better and be easier for his or her professor to read.One can write his or her papers quickly with a word processor.He or she will find th

12、at it is easier to select and move passages and proofread and edit his or her papers.The papers one writes will also look better and be easier for his or her professor to read.,四个方法避免性别歧视,方法三：一段用男性人称代（名）词，另一段用女性人称代（名）词。同样不够自然流畅，会分散读者的注意力。One can write his papers quickly with a word processor.He will

13、 find that it is easier to select and move passages and proofread and edit his papers.The papers he writes will also look better and be easier for his professor to read.One can also benefit from a word processor by saving her papers on the hard drive.This way,she can easily recover the text for furt

14、her revisions.She should name each file correctly,however,so that she will not make changes to the wrong document.In addition,due to the word processor,she can,四个方法避免性别歧视,方法四：解决性别歧视问题最好的办法是用第三人称复数形式，包括男女两性且简洁。传统例子：A student can edit his essays quickly with a word processor.When a student applies to

15、a college,he must fill out many forms.改后的例子：Students can edit their essays quickly with a word processor.When students apply to a college,they must fill out many forms.,四个方法避免性别歧视,One characteristic that Americans value highly is independence.Throughout history,we have thought of ourselves as pionee

16、rs.From settling a new country to opening the frontiers,that rugged,independent spirit has pervaded every aspect of American life.Independent people are admired as being people of strong character.The importance of independence can be clearly seen in the way American children are raised.From the tim

17、e that children are very small,you are encouraged to venture out on your own and try new things.For instance,playing with new toys is encouraged by parents.Parents watch proudly as children as young as two years old learn how to do things for themselves such as picking out our own clothes and decidi

18、ng what we want to eat.,改写,As you grow older,you are often required to perform house-hold tasks,like cleaning,to earn their money for things we want.Over time,we are expected to continue doing things on our own,particularly earning money.Most high school students,for example,have part-time jobs to e

19、arn money for things like cars,clothes,and entertainment.This push towards independence continues until the day that you are encouraged,if not expected,to move out on your own.American adults are expected to make their own way in the world with little help from others.As you can see,independence is

20、a respected trait in American society.,改写,代（名）词非常重要，一方面保证了写作的视角，另一方面保证了句子的连贯。使用代（名）词替代实词，有助于保证思想的连续性，而且还能减少不必要的重复。一个代（名）词必须有一个指代清楚的先行词，否则会造成表义不明确或歧义。Phones are more convenient than letters because they enable us to contact our families and friends.从内容上判断，they可能是指phones。但是，they前面还有一个复数先行词letters，会造成读

21、者的迷惑。Phones are more convenient than letters because with phones we can contact our families and friends quicker than we can with letters.,指代明确,Dark streets are often places where unscrupulous people hide.They are dangerous.Bicycles are better for students than cars because they can get around more easily on campus.Libraries are great resources for students because they have a lot of materials.Zoos are a lot of fun for children because they have many things to see and do.My teachers gave me low grades.They are unfair.,改写句子,