全国英语专业大学生学术论文写作教程.ppt

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1、Part 1Elements included in the graduation thesis,Cover(毕业论文封面)Acknowledgement（致谢）（可选）Abstract and key words(毕业论文英文摘要及关键词)摘要及关键词(毕业论文中文摘要及关键词)Contents(目录)Body(正文)References/works cited/bibliography(参考文献)Appendix(附录)（可选）,Quality of graduation thesis,Be precise and accurate definitionsBe careful and cl

2、ear in establishing links between ideas,evidence and judgmentsTake care to distinguish facts from opinionsBe objective rather than emotional or rhetoricalBe logical in sequence and structureContain references to other work to show where evidence and ideas have come fromAt least 5,000 words,Part 2 Fi

3、nding a topic,Assess your prior interest and knowledge.,Have a quick overview of the courses you have already taken in previous semesters to see if there is anything that appeals to you particularly.,Talk with as many teachers and students as you can to see what suggestions they might have for refin

4、ing your topic.,“from zero to one”,Narrowing the topic,Creating a good title,big or general topics,specific,manageable topics,Examples,General:The American Civil WarRestricted:Causes of the Victory of the NorthMore restricted:The Support Given to the Union Army by the People The topic chosen:Black S

5、oldiers in the Union Army,几个要点可以帮助你确定选题：选题应该有意义，有新意，观点正确、明确；选题应在个人能力可及范围之内；确定选题之前，对该选题所涉及的资料有充分的了解；通过对该选题论证和分析，能得出较客观公正的结论。,Field research,Field research is the basic means of gathering information in fields such as sociology,anthropology,psychology and etc.,It can be carried out in three ways:Obser

6、vingInterviewing Using questionnaires,Field research-Using questionnaires,A list of questions designed to collect responses that can be analyzed for useful informationAdvantages：A much larger number of people;economic,efficient and anonymous,Developing questionnaires Title:showing the focus of the s

7、tudyIntroduction:stating the purpose of the questionnaire and how you intend to use the results;advice on answering the questions and the amount of time needed to complete it.Questions:open questions and closed questions,You can include the results in the text of your paper or develop a table to mak

8、e it easier for your readers to scan the results.,In your report,you may want to include the following:I.Description of the study(context,purpose,subjects)II.Procedures of the study(designing the questionnaire,selecting the readers,administering the questionnaire,summarizing the results)III.Interpre

9、tation of the results,summary and discussion,Presenting the results of questionnaire,Keeping track of your research,Advice It helps you locate the sources while doing research and document the sources when you are writing the paper.What should be emphasized here is that you should keep records while

10、 doing the research instead of trying to reconstruct them afterwards.,Keeping track of your research,For Newspaper/Magazine/Journal ArticlesAuthor of article;Title of article;Title of Newspaper/Magazine/Journal ArticlesVolume number卷名;Issue number期号;Date of issue发行日期Inclusive page numbers(from page#

11、to page#)文章首页号和尾页号;Library(and floor)where the Newspaper/Magazine/Journal is located,Extract/Excerpt,“extract”更强调一些有推理过程的摘录，提取精粹的意思多点“excerpt”应该是直接摘录，引用的意思多一点,Quotation引语,Comment个人评述,Paraphrase阐释,Summary概要,Keeping track of your research,Part 3Outlining,Structure of a paper Generally speaking,the str

12、ucture of a paper consists of three parts:Introduction Body Conclusion,Outlining,Introduction It sometimes provides some background information so that the reader can follow what you are going to discuss in the paper.It may also inform the reader of the methods you will use to deal with the subject.

13、,The introduction part has no fixed length.In a students paper,it usually contains one or two paragraphs,but it could be as long as one or two pages,depending on how long and complicated the paper is.,Outlining,Body The body is the main part of a paper and contains all the ideas and the major and mi

14、nor supporting details.In a longer piece of academic writing,such as a book,the body may comprise more than one chapter.,Outlining,Conclusion The conclusion,usually consisting of one or several paragraphs,brings the paper to a logical and satisfactory end.It restates the thesis,summarizes the main i

15、deas,suggests solutions to the questions discussed,or indicates the significance of your study.,Outlining,In most cases,thesis statement is an important part of the introduction.For writing a longer academic paper,you are strongly advised to put your thesis statement in the introduction part and mak

16、e it explicit.In addition,please keep in mind that your thesis statement can always be revised and reformulated during drafting and revising when you think it is necessary.,Formulating the thesis statement(中心论点或主题句),Outlining,topic outline:phrasesOutline sentence outline:sentence,Types of outline,Pa

17、rt 4 Contents of introduction,第一层:Introducing the importance of the research area and reviewing previous research第二层:Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous,raising a relevant question第三层:Specifying the purpose of your research,Sample introduction An introduction to a linguistic

18、thesis on pragmatic metaphor,The word metaphor is from the ancient Greek verb metapherein,and means,“to carry over,transfer”.In rhetoric,metaphor is a trope in which one thing is spoken of as if it were some other thing.In natural language,metaphor is so ubiquitous that scholars,who study language a

19、nd cognition,have come to recognize that no understanding of language is complete without an adequate account of metaphor.These metaphors provide expressions for experiences and concepts for which literal language seems insufficient,thereby increasing the range of articulation possible within the la

20、nguage.,Metaphor has been studied in many disciplines and from many perspectives since Aristotle.Generally speaking,metaphor has been studied mainly at the lexical level of the language.Since the 1980s,scholars have started to examine the phenomenon at the grammatical level,i.e.“grammatical metaphor

21、”(Halliday,1994).Halliday has the comment:“There is a strong grammatical element in rhetorical transference;and once we have recognized this we find that there is also such a thing as grammatical metaphor,where the variation is essentially in the grammatical forms although often entailing some lexic

22、al variation as well”(1994:341-342).,The continuation of metaphors through the ages,across cultures and pervasive existence at different levels of language indicates that the metaphorical use of language is not limited to the lexical or grammatical level and is a multi-level phenomenon in language c

23、ommunication.The present paper attempts to apply recent theories of linguistics,systemic functional linguistics in particular,to the analysis of metaphorical use of language at the pragmatical level,i.e.“pragmatic metaphor”.The paper will first define“pragmatic metaphor”and then examine two major ki

24、nds of pragmatic metaphor:dysphemistic metaphors and euphemistic metaphors.,The definition of metaphor and its function in rhetoric,etc.2.The previous study of metaphor at different levels.3.The purpose of the present study and its focus.,An analysis of components in the introduction,Sample 1The org

25、anization of an introduction,元认知策略是为了成功学习一门语言而采用的管理步骤，包括选择注意、计划与安排、评价（Oxford 1990:20）。这种自我管理策略对学习成绩的提高和自主学习的培养起着非常重要的作用。而对外语学习者进行元认知策略培训被认为是提高策略使用水平、自主学习能力和学习成绩的有效途径（OMalley&Chamot 1990：184-86）。,在过去的二十年里，国内外对于元认知策略的研究日益增多，其中著名研究者有Chamot(1987)，OMalley&Chamot(1990)，Oxford(1990)，Wenden(1991,1999)，Green

26、&Oxford(1995)，Dreyer&Oxford(1996)，Park 1997)，文秋芳(1996)，文秋芳和王海啸(1996)，李炯英(2002)，王笃勤(2002)，刘彗君(2004)。这些研究结果不尽相同，但基本都认为学习成功者和不成功者之间的元认知策略使用存在差异且该策略与学习成绩具有相关性。,尽管成就斐然，但与其他学习策略的研究相比较，元认知策略的研究仍处于较低的水平，而对外语学习者的元认知策略培训则更为少见，进行过培训研究的主要有下列学者：OMalley&Chamot(1990)，Oxford(1990)，Wenden(1991)，Weaver&Cohen(1997)，Co

27、hen(1998)，纪康丽(2002)，吕长弘(2001)，苏远连(2003)，杨坚定(2003)，张彦君(2004)。上述培训多为讲座或短期集中训练，迄今为止还没有专门针对英语学习不成功者的为期较长的元认知策略培训。,The Components of an Introduction1.A brief of MS and MS training2.A brief of the study on MS3.A brief of the research done on MS training4.Limitation of the previous training,(The Chinese in

28、troduction),Sample 2The organization of an introduction,Jane Eyre is the masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte.Published in 1847,the novel took the general reading public by storm with its superficial-ly romantic love story combined with a tragic tale of the madwoman locked in the attic.From then on,it ha

29、s received extensive comments.,Nevertheless,the image of madwoman,Bertha Mason is neglected by most of the scholars for a long time while the image of Jane,a self-respecting,decisive,young woman who struggles for independence and claims equal treatment and rights from the male-dominated society is t

30、he focus of the public comments and criticism.Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre is the madwoman being locked in the attic in Thornfield.All we learn about her is from Rochesters account.She has been deprived of the right and opportunity to speak for and defend herself.,However in recent years,under the impe

31、tus of the feminist movement and criticism,the image of madwoman in Jane Eyre has come to arouse more and more interest and atten-tion.Some critics hold that the image of madwoman serves only as accessories in pushing forward the plot;some see it as a proof that the novel Jane Eyre bears some charac

32、teristics of the Gothic Novel;some advise that this madwoman is the“animal”aspects of womanhood;some even put forward that the madwoman is another suppressed Jane Eyre.The analysis of this madwoman never comes to an end.,This paper will focus on this mysterious and pitiful madwoman aiming to show th

33、at she is deserted by the male-dominated world and serves as a social victim in the novel,and find the authors feminine voice implied in the novel.What is more,this paper will discuss the limitations of this madwoman.Although Bertha Masons miserable position deserves our sympathy,she is not a praise

34、d figure in the novel.She has her own limitations.And her own limitations,to some extent,cause her failure in struggling for self-recognition.So this paper not only focuses on Bertha Masons miserable position and desperate struggles but also on her limitations.,The Components of the Introduction1.a

35、brief comment of the novel2.A comment on the character treated3.The previous research into the character4.The purpose and focus of the study,Part 5 Development of body,毕业论文常用的几种基本结构形式,毕业论文常用的几种基本结构形式,总提分述,先提出中心论点，然后分别从几个方面去论证，阐明中心论点,总提,分述,先分论后总论,从几个方面比较分析，然后归纳起来得出结论,总提、分述、总论,总提 分述 总论 第二层次第一层次 第三层次 第

36、五层次 第四层次总提、分述、总论三者兼而有之,推进式,一步一步深入，是由浅入深的论证方法,Part 6Writing of conclusion,结语应是论文最后的总体结语，主要反映论文的目的、解决问题及最后的结论。结语启迪新思想。给读者留有思考的余地，让读者动脑，寻找在现实生活中可运用论文观点的场合。写出适合自己论文题目与内容的结语。,Strategies used in the writing of conclusion,综合要点得出结论法解决问题提出建议法重申论点预测未来法,Example 1,Pride and Prejudice successfully portrays a suc

37、cession of women images,or rather their marriages.The first kind of marriage like Lydias was constructed on sex and impulse of feeling.It was not strange that Lydia who had no luck in her life should choose this kind of marriage for the 18th century was a time in favor of senses.The second kind of m

38、arriage like the one between Charlotte and Collins was based on a fortune.,Because there was no life security for women in that society,they were not able to support themselves without a fortune.Thus women considered marriage their only hope of security.The third kind of marriage was Darcy and Eliza

39、beths marriage.They got married not only out of the sense,but also out of their deep affections.There was love,romance and happiness in their marriage.The same was true of the marriage between Jane and Bingley.,Through Lydia and Charlotte,Jane and Elizabeth,Jane Austin in the novel reveals her ideal

40、 on marriage.The social position and money are not the only standard to measure a successful marriage,love is also a very important element to be considered in an ideal marriage.It is true of the past,and probably now and the future.,Example 2,In teaching children English,interest is essential.In or

41、der to arouse and keep childrens interest in English,teachers must,according to childs psychological characteristics,use various methods and create a happy environment for children to learn English and enjoy themselves at the same time.,Teachers could create a pleasant,relaxed and even completing si

42、tuation by asking students to use English at a specific time and place such as English day,story telling corner,poetry reading and spelling competition.These various activities in and out of class can help create some situations in which imagination,humor and enthusiasm are mixed to make an attracti

43、ve lesson successfully and to arouse students interest in order to lead them to learn English better.,Teachers could be very creative in teaching children English by making good use of both intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation and converting childrens extrinsic motivation into the intrinsic

44、 one so as to promote their development in study.,Example 3,From the ancient time to the present,the Chinese diet and the western diet have their own ways of development;as a result,they have developed their own food features and shown their different dietary cultures.The Chinese food stresses more

45、on“seasoning”while the western food focuses more on scientific and nourishing composition.,However,in recent years,with more communication of international cultures,it follows that China and the west would learn from each other for a better future of nutritional and healthy system of food.From the c

46、omparison of the dietary cultures in many aspects,not only foreigners know more about the culture of China,but the Chinese people are also acquainted with the social life of the west.As it goes on,the dietary culture communication will have the tendency of dietary harmonization.,Part 7Drafting,revis

47、ion and proofreading,Drafting撰写初稿若用英文些论文，写第一稿时不必拘泥于英语语法、拼写等语言问题，注意力应集中在表达思想上。提纲越详细，初稿越容易写。初稿中应将拟引用的材料全部写上，但是内容安排可能随时需作更改，而更改有可能影响引用材料的位置，因此编号的工作留到后面去做。,Revision修改初稿写二稿时应再次检查论文结构。检查论文结构是否易于读者抓住要点；内容表达是否清晰连贯。写第二稿时应注意提高语言质量，改正语法错误，注意遣词造句。必要时可重写某些段落。写第二稿时，论文中引用哪些资料已经基本确定，此时可以编制文献参考资料目录。若论文的组织结构不再做任何改动，可

48、谓引用材料分别顺次编号，并将引用材料的出处按照顺序排列，编制尾注。,写第三稿时应再次检查语法、用词、拼写以及标点符号；检查引语编号是否有遗漏。至此论文基本就绪，只需最后润色、定稿。,Part 8Writing the abstract,Writing the abstract,What is an abstract?An abstract is a short description,or an accurate condensation,of the contents of a piece of writing.An abstract has similarity with a prcis,

49、proposal,synopsis,or a summary.,Major types of abstracts,1.Descriptive2.Informative,Descriptive abstracts usually describe what the paper is about,the topic,purpose,scope,and method of the paper.It helps the reader to decide if they will read the paper.But it usually does not offer information about

50、 details of results,conclusions or recommendations.,Informative abstracts are usually longer than descriptive abstracts.They are usually written after the research or the paper has been finished.They not only describe the topic,purpose,scope and the method of the research or the paper,but also provi