人教版必修五第三单元语法及作文.ppt
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1、过去分词作状语(adverbial modifier),民族中学 主讲:穆学贵,Grammar:过去分词过去分词作状语和定语的基本用法考点一 过去分词作状语概述过去分词作状语,进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态,即动作发生时的背景或状况。其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语,且与主语之间构成逻辑上的“动宾关系”,即“被动关系”。过去分词短语作条件、原因以及时间状语时,通常放在句首;作伴随、结果状语时,通常放在句末;作方式状语时,一般放在句末,有时也放在句首;作让步状语时,一般放在句首,有时也放在句末。,过去分词作状语的注意点1)过去分词作状语时,前面往往可有when,if,while,though,eve
2、n if等连词,这样就能使过去分词所表示的意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句,句中省略的部分是“主语+be动词的相应变化形式”,省略的主语通常与主句的主语相同。Though defeated for a second time,he still didnt give in.(=Though he was defeated for a second time,he still didnt give in.)他虽然又一次被击败,但仍不屈服。Even if invited,I wont go.(=Even if I am invited,I wont go.)即使被邀请,
3、我也不去。,2)过去分词作状语时,有时它的逻辑主语不是主句的主语,而是不同于主句主语的名词,构成“过去分词独立结构”。过去分词独立结构可在句中作状语,表示时间、条件、伴随状况等。The house painted white,we liked it better.房子漆成白色后,我们更加喜欢它了。His work finished,he left the office.完成工作,他离开了办公室。,过去分词作定语概述一般来说,过去分词作定语时含有“完成”和“被动”的双重意义。但要注意不及物动词的过去分词常表示“完成”的动作,而不表示“被动”意义。如:boiled water(开水);fallen
4、 leaves(落叶);risen sun(升起的太阳)等。The tall man is a returned student.高个子的那个男人是个回国留学生。My parents are both retired teachers.我的父母都是退休教师。考点四 过去分词作定语的注意点,.与状语从句的转换1)过去分词短语作时间状语,可转换为when,while或after等引导的状语从句。Seen from the top of the hill,the park looks more beautiful.When it is seen from the top of the hill,th
5、e park looks more beautiful.从山上往下看,这座公园看起来更加漂亮。2)作条件状语,可转换为if,once或unless等引导的状语从句。Given more time,she would certainly have done much better.If she had been given more time,she would certainly have done much better.如果有更多时间的话,她一定会干得更好些。,3)作原因状语,可转换为as,since或because等引导的状语从句。The children,exhausted,fell
6、asleep at once.As the children were exhausted they fell asleep at once.由于劳累,孩子们很快就睡着了。4)作让步状语,可转换为although,though或even if等引导的状语从句。Although exhausted by the climb,we continued our journey.Although we were exhausted by the climb,we continued our journey.我们虽然爬得很累,但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。,5)作方式状语,如有连词as if,就转换为as
7、if引导的方式状语从句;若无连词,则转换为并列结构。He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake.他大叫起来,好像被蛇咬了。6)作伴随状语,一般转换为并列结构。Aunt Wu came in,followed by her daughter.Aunt Wu came in,and(she)was followed by her daughter.吴大娘走进来,(她)后面跟着她的女儿。,1)现在分词与过去分词作状语在“逻辑”方面的差异:现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语最主
8、要的区别在于两者与所修饰的主语是主动还是被动关系。过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。,2)现在分词与过去分词作状语在“时间”方面的差异:过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前,或表示一种
9、状态,与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行;现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“主动”动作;现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个“被动”动作,常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用,此时不能被过去分词所替换。其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换,使句式更简洁。Written in a hurry,this article was not so good!因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好。,Reading carefully,he found someth
10、ing he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。Having been discussed several times,the decision was finally made.进行了几次讨论之后,终于作出了决定。,3)部分过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示“被动关系”,其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有:lost(陷入某种状态);seated(坐);hidden(躲);stationed(驻扎);lost/absorbed in(沉溺于);dressed in(穿着);tired of(厌烦)等。Lost/Absorbe
11、d in deep thought,he didnt hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。Faced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。,4)过去分词用作状语时,前面往往带有when,if,while,though,even if等连词,这样就能使过去分词所表示的意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句,句中省略的部分总是“主语be的相应变化形式”,省略的主语通常与主句的主语相同。When given a medical examinatio
12、n,you should keep calm.当你做体检时要保持镇定。Because beaten twice a day,he was too afraid to go home.因为一天被打了两次,他太恐惧了以至于不敢回家。,5)分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致;否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时,其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时,相当于一个并列句。The signal given,the bus started.信号一发出,汽车就开
13、动了。The football match(being)over,crowds of people poured out into the street.足球赛一结束,人群便涌到了大街上。,帮学助记分词作状语记忆口诀分词作状语,主语是问题。逗号前后两动作,共用一主语。主语找出后,再来判关系。主动用ing,被动用ed,having done表先后,千万要牢记。,活学活用语法填空1)(translate)into English,the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.2)With the programme
14、not(complete),they have to stay there for another two weeks.3)Unless(ask)to speak,you should remain silent at the meeting.4)(found)in the early 20th century,the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.5)A great number of students(question)said they were forced to practise the piano.,Translat
15、ed,completed,asked,Founded,questioned,6)Though(surprise)to see us,the professor gave us a warm welcome.7)In some languages,100 words make up half of all words(use)in daily conversations.8)Time,(use)correctly,is money in the bank.9)Film has a much shorter history,especially when(compare)to such art f
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