专项技法-英语-新课标-人教版.ppt

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1、新课标人教版,课件编辑说明,本课件是由精确校对的word书稿制作的“逐字编辑”课件，如需要修改课件，请双击对应内容，进入可编辑状态。如果有的公式双击后无法进入可编辑状态，请单击选中此公式，点击右键、“切换域代码”，即可进入编辑状态。修改后再点击右键、“切换域代码”，即可退出编辑状态。,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯技法5阅读理解技法之细节理解,目 录,专项技法,技法6阅读理解技法之主旨大意技法7阅读理解技法之词义猜测技法8阅读理解技法之推理判断技法9阅读理解技法之篇章结构技法10应用文写作之建议信技法11应用文写

2、作之申请信技法12应用文写作之投诉信,目 录,技法13应用文写作之邀请信技法14应用文写作之电子邮件技法15应用文写作之通知技法16应用文写作之倡议书技法17应用文写作之演讲致辞技法18应用文写作之招聘启事技法19记叙文写作之图画叙事,目 录,技法20记叙文写作之人物介绍技法21说明文写作之地理介绍技法22说明文写作之图画、图表说明技法23议论文写作之陈述观点型、正反观点型、说明利弊型技法24开放类写作,目 录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,返回目录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,首句是了解文章全貌的窗口。一般来说，记叙文类的文章的首句会交代4个W(when，where，who，what)，说

3、明文类的文章的首句会解释要说明的对象，议论文类的文章的首句会提出一个论点。首句往往是整篇文章的统领句，概括了整篇文章的中心和写作意图。而且每段的首句通常有承上启下的作用，是文章发展过程中的重要线索。细读首句可以判断文章体裁，预测文章大意和主旨。读懂首句可以帮助考生建立正确的思维导向，对理解全文起着至关重要的作用。所以在仔细阅读了首句后，应快速阅读全文，确定文章的体裁、主旨和结构。,返回目录,例 12013江西卷(节选)Diane Ray was completely self-centred and very spoilt.Her parents gave her 36 she wanted,

4、knowing that she would throw a temper tantrum(耍小孩脾气)if they did not.She would scream and kick and 37 on the floor drumming her heels.Her parents always 38 36.Aeither B.neither C.nothing D.everything37.A.jump B.lie C.spin D.sleep38A.set out B.set in C.gave in D.gave out,返回目录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,点睛 本文为记叙文。

5、文章一开始寥寥数语就刻画了一个任性、喜欢一意孤行的女孩形象，接下来的几空均是围绕女孩的个性特点来展开故事情节的。因此句首词汇completely self-centred and very spoilt是解决本节答案的关键点，也是贯穿全文的核心词汇。36D由第一句可知Diane Ray非常自私并且被宠坏了，因此父母应该给她一切她想要的东西。,返回目录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,37B句意：如果她的要求得不到满足，她就会尖叫、踢打以及躺在地上敲打着她的脚后跟。故选B项，其余三项不合常理。38C句意：她的父母总是屈服。由前文知道她总发脾气，让父母没办法，所以父母只好屈服。give in意为“屈

6、服”，符合语境。,返回目录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,例 22013四川卷(节选)“Look,its Baldy！”a boy shouted in my direction across the playground.Even though I was used to regular insults(侮辱)because of the 11 on my head，it was 12 horrible to hear.I sighed as I headed back to the class.11A.hat B.scarf C.scars D.cuts12A.still B.just C

7、.never D.seldom,返回目录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,点睛本文为记叙文。根据文章首段信息可知，作者已经“习惯了那些受侮辱的”语言并且“叹气地”离开，由此不难预测文章可能是关于作者“秃头”原因的小故事。11C根据下文描述可知，热油烫伤了“我”的头，让“我”变成了秃头，留下了伤疤。hat帽子；scarf围巾，头巾，披巾；scar疤，伤痕，创伤；cut伤口，一块儿，肉片。12A根据下文“我”叹着气走回教室可知，作者“仍然”害怕听到那种侮辱。故选择still“仍然”。just仅仅，才；never决不，从未；seldom很少，不常。,返回目录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,【活学活用】

8、2013福建卷(节选)We have been driving in fog all morning,but the fog is lifting now.The little seaside villages are 36，one by one.“There is my grandmothers house，”I say,37 across the bay to a shabby old house.I am in Nova Scotia on a pilgrimage(朝圣)with Lise,my granddaughter,seeking roots for her,retracing

9、(追溯)38 memory for me.Lise was one of the mobile children,39 from house to house in childhood.She longs for a sense of 40,and so we have come to Nova Scotia where my husband and I were born and where our ancestors 41 for 200 years.,返回目录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,36A.appearing B.moving C.exposing D.expanding37A.

10、referring B.travelling C.pointing D.coming38A.shared B.short C.fresh D.treasured39A.passed B.raised C.moved D.sent40A.home B.duty C.reality D.relief41A.built B.lived C.remained D.explored,返回目录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,解析本文讲述了一位老奶奶带着孙女回到老家她们祖先生活的地方，去寻根访祖，追忆乡思，从而引发感慨的故事。文章一开始就交代了故事发生的时间、地点及事件，接下来讲述了事件的经过和结果。36A

11、雾慢慢散去之后，海边的小村庄就显露出来了，才有后文说到的“房子”。appear“出现”，只有A符合句意。37C“我”指着港湾对面的一座破旧的房子说。point to 意为“指向”，句中为现在分词短语作伴随状语。refer to“查阅，有关，适用于”，不符合语境。,返回目录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,38Dtreasured意为“宝贵的”。对作者来说回家乡是追忆宝贵的儿时记忆。39C前文提到Lise是一个不断“移动的”小孩，即她到处漂泊，所以经常“搬迁”，move最能体现此意。40ALise 和她奶奶回家乡的目的就是寻根访祖，就是要找到她的“家”，只有home才符合文章的中心思想。41B她们

12、的祖先在那里已经生活200年了。只有live 符合语境。,返回目录,技法1完形填空技法之首句理解,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,完形填空首先考查的就是考生对文章的理解能力。因此考生在做完形填空时，应把它看作一个意思连贯、结构完整的语篇，而不是单项填空。做题时要善于利用段首句或首段最大限度地获取信息。完形填空的首句或前几句话一般都是完整的，为考生提供足够的信息去挖掘文章的思路，而且，这里往往包含主题句，为理解文章大意和主要内容提供必要的线索。此外，完形填空是具有完整内容且按照一定思路发展的文章，各段及各句之间都有逻辑上的必然联系，因此还要注意把握文章发展的

13、基本线索，搞清段与段、句与句之间的逻辑关系。答题时，考生首先要树立起语篇概念，抓住文章主题思想，理清其结构布局，,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,明辨句子之间以及段落之间的关系，利用句与句、句群与句群之间的逻辑关系解题。句子之间的逻辑关系主要包括：并列关系(连接词有and，while等)；转折关系(连接词有but，however，nevertheless等)；因果关系(连接词有so，therefore，thus，because,for，since，as等)；让步关系(连接词或短语有though，although，despite,in spite of等)；条件关系(连接词或短语有if，

14、unless,once，provided that，in case of等)；解释关系(连接词或短语有i.e.，that is to say,in other words等)；顺序关系(连接词有before，after，and，first，second，then，next,finally等)。,返回目录,一、因果关系例 1 2013山东卷(节选)I thought I was smarter than everyone else,so I hardly ever talked to anyone in my classes.By the end of my first semester,I w

15、as really _Acareful Blonely Ccurious Dguilty点睛 B上一句提到“自以为比别人聪明”，所以不与同学交流，从而感到孤独。此处hardly ever talked 与lonely存在逻辑上的因果关系。careful仔细的；curious好奇的；guilty有罪的。,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,例 2They tell the story of a mother whose baby grows _ and pale and has changed so much that it is almost unrecognizable to the p

16、arents.Aill Bslim Cshort Dsmall点睛 A选项中ill与文中pale是因果关系，即因为“生病”，所以脸色才会“苍白”，故选A。,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,二、同类关系例 3 2012山东卷(节选)The Mullers soon realised that food and clothing werent enough.“What these people also need is warmth and _，”says Rita.Afame BfreedomCcourage Dcaring点睛 D 文中warmth与选项中caring存在同类关系。Mu

17、ller夫妇意识到仅仅为这些无家可归者提供食物和衣服是不够的，他们还需要温暖和关心。fame名誉，名声；freedom自由；courage勇气；caring关心,关爱。该空要根据连词and和其所连接的“warmth”判断。“温暖”和“关爱”并列，故选D。,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,例 42013浙江卷(节选)While travelling was inspiring and meeting people was _，nothing about my term in France was what I expected.Aboring BupsettingCexciting Dp

18、romising点睛 C从inspiring可以推知，这是非常令人兴奋的事情，故只有exciting能表达同一语境氛围。boring乏味的；upsetting令人情绪低落的；promising有前途的。,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,三、相对关系例 5 2013新课标全国卷(节选)It runs in the family.Michaels father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier.Michael Greenberg feels the same.A pair of gloves may

19、 be a _ thing,but it can make a big difference in winter.Asmall BusefulCdelightful Dcomforting点睛 A此处是对上文的总结：一副手套可能是一件小(small)事情，但是在冬天却会有很大的作用。此处small与make a big difference存在相对关系。,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,四、转折关系例 62012重庆卷(节选)Eventually,I was touched by this land of wonder._，my parents showed no interest i

20、n my garden.AInstead BHoweverCTherefore DBesides点睛 B根据该空后的my parents showed no interest可知此处表示转折。,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,例 7 2013天津卷(节选)It was a challenging time for everyone,_ Dad remained optimistic.He continued to be grateful for other things like good health and food on our plates.Aor Bfor Cso Dbut点

21、睛 D空格前的“a challenging time”与空格后的“optimistic”构成转折关系，即对别人来说是一个具有挑战性的时刻，而作者的父亲依旧保持着乐观。,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,【活学活用】1The boy wasnt much of a fruit-eater,preferring a bar of chocolate if given the choice,_，as they say,the forbidden fruit can be tempting.Seeing the apple,the boy wanted it.Aso Bthen Cbut Dor

22、答案C,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,2Nobel was upset to find out not that he had died,but that,when his time was up,he would be thought of only as one who profited from _ and destruction.Adeath Bdisease Ctrouble Dattack答案A,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,3The poverty(贫困)was worse than anything my young companions had ever

23、imagined.Back in the hotel,an air of sadness settled over the group.Many _ and cried.Agave up Bbroke downCset off Dheld on答案B,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,4Its not easy being a teenagernor is it easy being the parent of a teenager.You can make your child feel angry,hurt,or _ by what you say without realizing

24、 it yourself.Adismissed BmisunderstoodCmisled Dsatisfied答案B,返回目录,技法2完形填空技法之行文逻辑,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,词汇复现包括原词复现、同义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现以及结构复现等。完形填空所选的文章都是具有逻辑关系、意义相连的语篇，因此，在行文中不可避免地会出现词语的复现、前后同义或反义、相互照应等现象。所以，解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。但由于我们在做题时不可能总是重复地阅读文章，因此，在做完形填空时要

25、培养一种捕捉并记忆相关信息的能力。,返回目录,一、原词或同根词复现原词或同根词复现是指相同的单词或同根词在原文中反复出现，达到衔接文章的目的。例 1 The smokers _ a lot.In fact,the nonsmokers who must breathe the air polluted by tobacco smoke may suffer more than the smokers themselves.Asuffer BendureCtolerate Dbear点睛 A句中suffer为前后复现的词汇。以上两个句子是对应的。第一个句子所缺的动词可以由第二个句子中的动词，即“

26、suffer”来推测，前后动词一致，答案应该是A。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,二、同义词或近义词复现同义词或近义词复现是指意义相同或相近的单词在原文中反复出现，以达到衔接文章的目的。在做完形填空试题时，就可以利用这种衔接方式找到要填入单词的同义词或者近义词，从而也就找到了试题的答案。这也包括了同源词复现，即相同词根构成的不同词性的单词在文章中反复出现。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,例 2 2012江西卷(节选)As I watched several people go by,get into their cars and drive off,I _ an old m

27、an on a bicycle with a bucket on its handle and a basket of rags and bottles on its backcarriage.Anoticed BrecognizedCcalled Dassisted点睛 A句中watched与noticed是同义词复现。“我”应该是注意到(noticed)了一个老人,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,例 32013浙江卷(节选)Once I knew that I was going,all I could think about was the fun of foreign trav

28、el and making all sorts of new and _ friends.Astubborn BanxiousCuniversal Dinteresting点睛 D句中fun和interesting是同义词复现。语境:“我”想象到的就是交到一些新朋友，一些有意思的朋友。故用interesting“有趣的，有意思的”。stubborn意为“固执的”；anxious意为“焦虑的”；universal意为“普遍的”。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,三、反义词复现反义词复现是指和前文中词义相反的单词在原文中出现，以达到衔接文章的目的。我们可以利用这一衔接手段在文章中寻找要填入

29、单词的反义词。例 4 2012江西卷(节选)He wasnt well-dressed.He had on a pair of shorts and a(n)_ T-shirt.Aattractive BshinyCsimple Dexpensive点睛 C句中well-dressed与选项中simple基本上是一对反义词。因此，由空前的“He wasnt well-dressed.”可知，他穿着简单。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,例 52013浙江卷(节选)I love how people can seem so different,but end up being so_Ag

30、enerous BindependentCsimilar Ddistant点睛 C从前文的different知，虽然人们看起来是多么不同，但最终却又如此相似(similar)，故选C项。此处different与similar是一对反义词。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,四、结构复现有时空格处的信息并不局限于与前一句中某个信息点的重复，可能是与前几句中的某个信息点的重复，也不局限于同词复现或同义复现，甚至连句式结构都非常类似。例 6Many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework.They say tha

31、t it is 1 for children to work at home in their free time.2,they argue that most teachers do not 3 plan the homework tasks they give to pupils.,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,1A.unnecessary Buninteresting Cunfortunate Dunimportant2A.Nevertheless BHowever CTherefore DMoreover3A.considerably Bfavourably Cproperl

32、y Dpleasantly,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,点睛 排比结构由“Many people now think thatThey say thatthey argue that”所组成。在意义上表现了人们(学生家长)对学生课业负担过重的抱怨。该结构中所设置的三个空格的正确填入，要求考生首先把握结构所体现的“主题”抱怨作业太多。其次，要求考生理解三句之间在表达意义上的递进关系,即作业过多“too much homework”；所以，课余时间学生在家做作业是没必要的“unnecessary”；不仅如此,教师对作业的设计也不恰当“not properly”。故答案分别为1.A2.D

33、3.C。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,【活学活用】1“Take a bite of each one.See if that helps you decide which one is which.”He took _，and then a huge smile came across his face.Abig bites Bdeep breathsCa firm hold Da close look解析 A利用原词复现解题。根据前面“Take a bite of each one”可知，这里是他咬了几大口。故A正确。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,2I remembe

34、r as a child I said something _ about somebody,and my father said,“Any time you say something unpleasant about somebody else,its a reflection of you.”Aunkind BunnecessaryCunimportant Dunusual解析 A利用同义词、近义词复现解题。句中的unpleasant意为“令人不快的”，选项中只有unkind与之同义。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,3Forcing yourself to recall alm

35、ost never helps because it doesnt _ your money;it only tightens it.Aloosen BweakenCdecrease Dreduce解析 A利用反义词复现解题。前后两部分互为解释，一为肯定，一为否定，为反义词复现。从下文的tightens可以判断，上文应该是loosen。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,4Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie in the students.If a long reading assignment

36、 is given,the instructors expect students to be familiar with the information in the readingWhen research is _，the professor expects the students to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance.Acollected BassignedCdistributed Dfinished,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,解析 B利用同根词复现解题。该部分作者通过两个例子说明，应该

37、由学生负责自己的学习，都是从“布置作业”方面解释，说明布置阅读作业时要求学生如何；布置研究作业时又该要求学生如何。两个例子概念类似，可以确定选B。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,5Sometimes he would invite a student to a game of chess._，he would join student groups to discuss a variety of subjects:agriculture,diving,mathematics.AAs a matter of fact BLater onCOther times DIn general解

38、析 C利用结构复现解题。此处 sometimes与 other times 是结构上的同现关系，故选择C项。,返回目录,技法3完形填空技法之词汇复现,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,英语语言中的很多词汇均以短语搭配的形式出现，完形填空中的词汇也不例外。很多时候，在分析语境、理清空白处含义的基础上，利用对词汇前后搭配的分析可以快速、准确地推断完形填空的未知信息。所谓前后搭配主要是指动词(名词、形容词等)与介词的搭配、动词与其宾语的搭配、句式结构和各种习惯搭配。在解答完形填空题时，充分考虑这些搭配关系，有助于我们做出正确选择。,返回目录,一、动介搭配例 1 2

39、013辽宁卷(节选)As she got off her bike and put it against the gate post,she focused on the path _ to the house and then on the house itself.Agetting BintroducingCleading Dmoving点睛 C此处lead与to搭配，意为“通往”。根据句意可知C项正确。,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,二、动宾搭配例 2 2012课标全国卷(节选)It took me quite a while to get the metal footrest

40、 into _.Aplace Baction Cplay Deffect点睛 A此处get与into place搭配，意为“把归位”。作者是健康人，刚坐到轮椅上不会驾轻就熟，所以即便将脚蹬归位这样简单的动作，也竟然用了很长时间。,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,三、介词搭配例 32013福建卷(节选)I could never have enough of being _ them.However,that was long after those childhood days.Aby Bfor Cwith Dto点睛 C本句表达了作者思念亲人的心情，意为：“我”与亲人们在一起，时间再

41、久、次数再多也不嫌多。be with sb与某人在一起。,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,四、句式搭配例 42013安徽卷(节选)Well,relax and laugh about your mistakes _ youre much less likely to make them again.Aif Band Cbut Dbefore点睛 B本句是一个常用句型“祈使句and陈述句”，表示条件和结果的关系。,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,五、句型搭配例 5I havent had a phone in the house for three weeks now,and i

42、ts several days _ I used a phone box last time.Aas Bwhen Cif Dsince点睛 本题考查的是“its时间段since”句型,意为“自从已(多长时间了)”。,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,六、习语搭配例 62013江西卷(节选)“You should mind your own _！”Diane replied and walked into the gentle waves.Abusiness BswimsuitCfriends Dparents点睛 A由前文信息可知，她应该是说“你少管闲事”。mind ones own b

43、usiness意为“少管闲事”，符合语境。,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,【活学活用】1Intellectual Property(IP)(知识产权)is a product of the mind that has commercial value.The concept _ back to 1623 when the first patent law to protect IP was passed.Aholds Bdates Csets Dturns答案 B,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,2It was a beautiful letter,but there was

44、 no way,except for the name Michael,to identify the owner.Maybe if I called the information centre,the operator could find a phone listing for the address on the envelope.Actually,I took great _ to find both Hannah and Michael,who still remained single.Apains Brisks Cactions Dcautions答案 A,返回目录,技法4完形

45、填空技法之搭配习惯,3Participating workplaces let employees wear jeans on October 5 for an MYM5 donation.“Its a real way for everyone to feel like theyre making a _，”says the Emmy-winning actress.Adifference BdecisionCfriend Dprofit答案 A,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,4If someone else wishes to represent the idea or deve

46、lop it further,he/she must consult the original artists,who will normally be _ financially for its use.Arewarded BpraisedCawarded Dpunished答案 A,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,5Strangely enough，she soon dreamt that she was a world-famous chef(主厨)She made a _ and wore diamonds and designer clothes.Adecision Bfor

47、tuneCbusiness Dplan答案 B,返回目录,技法4完形填空技法之搭配习惯,技法5阅读理解技法之细节理解,返回目录,技法5阅读理解技法之细节理解,文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。文章细节的理解可以细化为：1.一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。属于浅层次的阅读试题，分数比例极少。2.语言转述型。,返回目录,技法5阅读理解技法之细节理解,

48、这是一类间接事实细节题，答案与题目在意义上充分运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另类表达。属于中档难度题，分数比例较大。3.语意理解型。这是一类深层事实细节题，答案与题目之间存在着一定的逻辑联系，这种联系需要建立在事实的基础上，通过上下文来进行分析、判断、归纳和整合，才能得出正确答案。属于较高难度的事实细节题，分数比例很大。4.是非辨别型。这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或“三误一正”(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)。,返回目录,技法5阅读理解技法之细节理解,5.事实排序型。这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题

49、，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事情发生、发展的正确顺序。一、细节理解题主要的设题方式有：1Which of the following statements is TRUE(NOT true)?2Which of the questions has not been mentioned(or discussed)in the passage?3What is the reason that？4How did the people know the couples problem?5Why was the bike so important to the co

50、uple?,返回目录,技法5阅读理解技法之细节理解,二、细节理解题主要的答题策略有：1细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。2变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生,即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义至关重要。,返