非谓语动词课件+好.ppt
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1、区分三大非谓语动词间的句法功能,动词不定式的基本形式,to do,to be done,to have done,to have been done,to be doing,to have been doing,分词的基本形式,doing,being done,having done,having been done,done,作主语:,To obey law is everyones duty.To do such things is foolish.,不定式作主语时,谓语用单数,为了平衡句子,通常用it作形式主语,构成句型:Its+n.(adj.)+for(of)sb.+to do sth
2、.,To find out who stole the money is not easy.Its not easy(for you)to find out who stole the money.,如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,要在不定式短语前加上一个for sb.的短语,语法上称为不定式的复合结构.It is useful for you to learn some spoken English.,It is very kind of you to come here.It is foolish of him to do such a thing.It would be rude of u
3、s to refuse theirinvitation.,在某些形容词如clever,good,nice,kind,foolish,careless,right,wrong,rude,impolite等词之后的不定式前,常加of短语,这是对人做某事的赞扬,责备或感激等。,动词不定式(短语)做主语时,可用it做形式主语,通常是一些特定的形容词,动词和名词,adj.做表语常见的adj.有important,difficult,easy,hard,possible,impossible等Eg.It is impossible to do it well.Its easy to get the wor
4、k finished before five.)V.做谓语常见的v.有take,require,need,cost,amuse,delight,irritate(激怒),annoy(打扰,扰乱)Eg.It took us three hours to finish the work.It requires another three persons to do the work.,3)n.做表语Eg.Its a great pleasure to help you.Its an honour to be invited to you birthday party.Its a good idea
5、 to do the work in another way.,动名词做主语时,it也可作形式主语用于这种形式的是一些特定的adj.和n.,但这类次较少.adj.:enjoyable,good,worthwhile,nice,worth,useless,等;n.:no use,no good,fun,a hard/difficult job,a wonder,a waste of time等,Eg.Its worthwhile doing it.Its no use doing it.Its a waste of time trying to persuade him not to smoke
6、.,作宾语,Im preparing to take the examination next week.When the boy was only four,his father decided to make an artist of him.,attempt,afford,agree,aim,arrange,beg,carechoose,decide,demand,determine,enable,expect,hope,intend,long,learn,manage,offer,plan,pretend,prepare,promise,refuse seek,wish,want,et
7、c.,allow,mind,miss,excuse,enjoy,doubt,escape,consider,admit(承认),advise,appreciate=enjoy(欣赏),avoid,finish,face,practise,suggest,delay(延迟),imagine,include,keep,quit(离开),resist(抵抗),risk(冒险),understand,be used to,look forward to(期望),object to,pay attention to,etc.以及介词后接动名词doing,动名词作宾语,有些动词后既可接不定式做宾语,也可接
8、动名词做宾语,两者意义差别不大.这些词有like,hate,begin,start,love,continue等,区别:like 和 hate 等,start,begin后面,一般接不定式和动名词无多大区别。但在下列情况下,多用动词不定式:a自然界变化:It started to rain.Snow started to melt as spring came.心理活动,在understand,know,realize等词前I began to realize my mistakes.begin,start本身为进行时:People are beginning to take some mea
9、sures to stop pollution.,有些动词后既可接动词不定式做宾语有可接动名词做宾语,但意义截然不同。,try to dotry doing,mean to domean doing,forget to doforget doing,remember to doremember doing,stop to do stop doing,尽力去做某事,试一试,试试看,打算做某事,意味着做某事,忘记做过了某事,忘记要做某事,记得要做某事,记得做过了某事,停下(某事)去做某事,把某事停下来,go on doinggo on to do,regret to doregret doing,
10、注意:这组短语后接不定式时一般表示将来,此动作还没有发生;而接动名词时,常表示过去,此动作发生在过去,need,require,want译作“需要”时,跟v-ing作宾语,主动表被动,相当于to be done.,继续做同一件事,继续做另一件事,遗憾地要做某事,后悔做了某事,cant help to docant help doing,情不自禁做某事,不能帮助做某事,不定式既可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语.不定式作介词的宾语时,介词之后一般不直接接不定式,一般都是:疑问词+不定式作宾语.Im worrying about what to do next.Marx gave some advic
11、e on how to learn a foreign language.,动词+疑问词+不定式,I dont know what to do next.We havent decide where to spend our holiday.,这类词有:advise,decide,discuss,explain,know,learn,show,tell,teach,understand,个别介词例外:需要注意的是,此句型中but/except 前必须要有实义动词do时,but/except后的不定式to才能省略,否则to则不省.我们用一句话概括就是:有do无to,有 to无 do She ha
12、s no choice but to wait for the news.There was nothing she could do but cry.He had no choice but to wait.He could do nothing but wait.,作表语,不定式:具体的,将要发生的动作动名词:抽象的,习惯性的动作分词:,现在分词:令人的过去分词:感到的,The situation is encouraging.He felt encouraged by the teachers words.She looked disappointed.The news is very
13、disappointing.Our work is serving the people.His hobby is collecting stamps.,做定语,不定式做定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后 She was very busy and had no time to visit her friends.Ladies and gentlemen,I have something important to tell you.当名词被the first,the last以及the only 等序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时,常用不定式作定语,而不管动作是否已完成 He is the onl
14、y person to know the truth.She is always the first to come and the last to leave.,I have nothing to do but wait.Do you have anything to say?不定代词something,nothing,little,much,a lot,anything 等习惯上用不定式做宾语以“即将发生的动作”修饰事物时,可用不定式做定语He will write more books in the years to come.The students are preparing for
15、 the examination to take place soon.,分词做定语:分词前置:We can see the rising sun.He is a retired worker.分词后置:There was a girl sitting there.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.,单个的分词做定语,分词短语,个别分词如given,left以及修饰不定代词something等时要后置,动名词与分词做定语的区别:,a sleeping babya sleeping carthe boiling wat
16、erthe boiled waterthe surprised peoplethe surprising newsa swimming poola reading roomthe changing world the changed world,作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词往往存在着两种逻辑关系,即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语,Alice is always the first student to come to school.(主谓关系)The teacher gave me some English books to read.(动宾关系)Mr.Brown has
17、 a large family to support.(动宾关系),当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑上的宾语,而该不定式动词又是不及物动词时,应在该动词后加上一个介词以形成逻辑上的动宾关系,Please pass me some paper to write on.Theres nothing for us to worry about.She has a nice pen to write with.He bought a flat for the family to live in.,不定式,分词做宾语补足语的区别:,“动词+宾语+动词不定式”ask,get,allow,forbid,pr
18、efer,force,announce,press,inspire,request,advise,remind,beg,report,invited,command,show,drive,mean,train,cause,instruct,require,tell,direct,order,warn,enable,need,encourage,want,lead,teach,permit,wish,etc.,在被动语态中,不定式则由宾语补足语变成了主语补足语Teacher ask him to clean the blackboard.He was asked to clean the bla
19、ckboard.His boss order him to go there at once.He was ordered to go there at once.在被动语态中不定式一律带to,不存在省略问题,但当以上的动词用于被动式,to要还原:They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.,不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语时,要省略to,With a lot of difficult problems_,the newly-elected pr
20、esident is having a hard time.A settled B settling C to settle D being settled,表示感觉或心理状态的动词see/watch/notice/observe/look at,hear/listen to,feel/think/find/want/like,使役动词 have,make,get,keep 3,with+宾语宾补,do doing done,to do doing done,需要注意have,make的用法:,I wont have him cheat me.“允许,让,使”I have a lot of w
21、ork to do.“有”His story made us laugh.“使”Father made a kite for his son to fly.“制造,做”,在谓语动词think,consider,prove,find,suppose,believe,imagine,等后面跟to be作宾补,不跟to do.Imagine yourself(to be)in his place.We found him(to be)honest.We consider him to have finished the work.,have,get后接三种形式做宾补时,表示”使,让,叫”have s
22、th.done=get sth.done让某人做某事Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.此外,have sth.done还表示“使遭受”Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.,have sth.to do,have sb./sth.doing让使某人/物持续地做 某事 get sb./sth.doing使某人开始行动起来The peasants had the tracto
23、r working day and night at the harvest time.The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short time.have sb.do sth.get sb.to do sth.使/让/叫某人去做某事.Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.I cant get him to stop smoking.He wont listen to me.,have,have sb do sth.doing sth.,have sth
24、to do done,make,make sb.do sth.make sth.done make oneself done,get sb.to do sth.get sth.done,get,Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.(主动,进行)The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didnt taste delicious.(被动,完成)He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.(主动,进行)We hurriedly
25、ended our meeting.Leaving many problems to be settled.(被动,将来),leave 后接几种形式 作宾补时,其中的 leave保留了原来的意思“留下”但表达的 确切之意应是“使处于某种状态”,能用现在分词做宾补的动词有:see,find,discover,look at,observe,notice,watch,hear,listen to,feel,smell,keep,bring,imagine,sense,set.,She sensed the danger coming near.His words set us laughing.W
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