细胞程序性死亡与细胞衰老.ppt
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1、第十三章 程序性细胞死亡与细胞衰老,第一节 程序性细胞死亡,一个主动的有基因决定的自动结束生命的过程。由于受到严格的由遗传机制决定的程序性调控,所以常常被称为细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PCD),机体结构,细胞增殖,细胞分化,细胞凋亡,细胞信号转导,染色体,(DNA与蛋白质的相互作用),衰老,一.动物细胞的程序性死亡,三种方式:凋亡坏死自噬,(一)细胞凋亡概念:受基因控制的主动的结束生命的过程,是一自然的生理过程.形态学特征:凋亡的起始:特化结构消失(微绒毛),细胞间接触消失,但质膜依然完整,有选择透性,线粒体大而完整,核糖体与内质网脱落,内质网腔膨大,并逐渐与
2、质膜融合,染色质固缩化,形成新月形帽状结构,沿核膜分布,凋亡小体的形成:染色质断裂成大小不等的片段,与某些细胞器(线粒体)聚集在一起,被反折的质膜包围,形成凋亡小体,从外观上看,细胞表面发泡,产生了许多泡状或芽状突起,随后逐渐分离,形成凋亡小体。凋亡小体被临近的细胞或体内吞噬细胞所吞噬,残余物质被消化后重新利用。整个过程最大的特点是质膜始终保持完整,内含物不发生细胞外泄露,不引发机体的炎症反应。,Morphologi changes:Early:Chromosome condensation,cell body shrink Later:Blebbing and Nucleus and cyt
3、oplasm fragment Apoptotic bodies At last:Phagocytosed,A、Normal cell,B、Apoptosis:Apoptotic bodies,Apoptosis,Necrosis,Death by apoptosis is a neat,orderly process,意义:细胞凋亡对于多细胞生物的个体发育的正常进行,自稳平衡的保持以及抵御外界各种因素的干扰方面都起着非常关键的作用1)清除有机体不再需要的细胞,而不引起炎症反应。2)细胞的自然更新,清除被病原体感染的细胞3)免疫细胞对靶细胞的攻击并引起死亡,也是基于细胞 凋亡4)细胞凋忘失调会
4、导致疾病,PRIZED Horvitz,and Sulston share Physiology or Medicine Nobel(2002)“for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death”,1090 131=959(cells),2002年诺贝尔生理与医学奖获得者,2002年的诺贝尔生理学和医学奖授予了在器官发育和程序性细胞死亡研究领域中做出奠基性贡献的3位科学家:英国的 Sydney Brenner、美国的 H.Robert Horvit
5、z、英国的 John E.Sulston他们创造性地用线虫作为实验模型,实现了对器官发育过程中细胞分裂、分化的原位观察,完成了细胞图谱的绘制,在此基础上发现并研究了调控器官发育程序性细胞死亡的关键基因及其功能并进一步在高等哺乳动物中发现了相关功能基因。,Sydney Brenner H.Robert Horvitz John E.Sulston,Apoptosis induced by Cyto CLane 10 h 21 h 32 h 43 h 54 h 6Control 7Marker,2.0kbp,1.0,0.5,0.2,180200bp DNA ladder,细胞凋亡的检测方法形态学观
6、测:台盼蓝、DAPI、Giemsa,DNA电泳,TUNEL测定法,彗星电泳法,流式细胞分析,细胞凋亡的分子机制,Early researches(MIT:Robert Horrid,1986),C.elegans:1090 cells,The Finding of CED3 mutantWithout losing any of theircells to apoptosis.CED3 gene play a crucial role in the process of apoptosis.,C elegans:a millimeter long,transparent body only a
7、 few cell types,from zygote to mature adult only in 3.5days.,131 cells death.,线虫体细胞凋亡研究:PCD相关基因15个,分为四组:1、与PCD有关的基因,负责PCD控制:ced-3、ced-4和ced-9。2、与PCD过程吞噬作用有关:ced-1、ced-2、ced-5-8 和 ced-10。3、核酸酶基因(nuc-1),控制DNA降解,但非PCD所必须。4、影响特异细胞类型PCD的基因:ces-1、ces-2、cgl-1、和 her-1.保守性高,在哺乳动物中有相应同源物:Ced-3=ICE,Ced-4=Apaf-
8、1,Ced-9=Bcl-2.,诱导细胞凋亡的因子:物理因子:射线、较温和的温度刺激化学及生物因子:活性氧基团和分子、钙离子载体、维生素K、视黄酸、细胞毒素、DNA和蛋白质合成的抑制剂、正常生长因子的失调及凋亡因子的处理。,Apoptosis is carried out by a proteolytic system caspase,(1)Why called caspase?,Active site:CysteineCleavage site:Asparatic acid,Cysteine Asparatic acid specific protease,Aps-Xxx,天冬氨酸特异性的半光
9、氨酸蛋白水解酶,负责选择性的切割某些蛋白质,切割的结果是使其活化或失活,非完全降解.分为两类,一类为凋亡的起始者,一类为凋亡的执行者.,Caspase依赖性的细胞凋亡,Apoptosis can be divided into two phases:,Activation phase:The cell responds to“death signals”that commit it to undergoing self-destruction.Execution phase:The death sentence is carried out.Apoptosis cells are recogn
10、ized by phagocytes because they carry exposed markers,called“eat me”signals.The best studied“eat me”signal is the presence of phosphatidylserine molecules in the outer leaflet of PM of apoptotic cells(by flop-flipase).,How to activate caspases?,All caspases expressed as proenzymes Procaspases,Procas
11、pase,NH2-terminal prodomain:Highly variable,Large subunit(20kD),Small subunit(10kD),How are procaspases activated to initiate the caspase cascade?The activation is triggered by adaptor proteins that bring multiple copies of specific procaspases.,3 groups of caspase:1、apoptotic initiators:caspase-2,c
12、aspase-8,caspase-9 and caspase-10 2、apoptotic executioners:caspase-3,caspase-6,caspase-7 and 14(morphology change)3、inflammatory mediateors:caspase-1,and caspase-11,Procaspases are activated by binding to adaptor proteins,The caspase cascade involved in apoptosisProcaspase activation by proteolytic
13、cleavage.Caspase cascade,The target proteins of caspase are the following:,More than a dozen protein kinase,including FAK,PKC,and Raf1.FAK disrupt cell adhesion for the apoptotic cell.Lamins.Cleavage of lamins leads to the disassembly of the nuclear lamina and shrinkage of the nucleus.Proteins requi
14、red for cell structure.Such as IF,actin,and gelsilin.Cleavage and inactivation of these proteins lead to changes in cell shape.Induce cell display signals marked it for phagocytosis.,The inhibitor of CAD(Caspase-activated Dnase,an endonuclease).Cleavage of CAD inhibitor lead to activation of CAD,onc
15、e activated,CAD translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus severing DNA into fragments.Enzymes involved in DNA repair.Which are inactivated by caspase cleavage.DNA repair is a homeostatic activity that is inappropriate in an apoptotic cell.,Caspase依赖性细胞凋亡的两条途径:由死亡受体起始的外源途径:死亡配体主要是肿瘤坏死因子家族成员由线粒体起始的
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- 细胞 程序性 死亡 衰老
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