疫学教程免疫细胞.ppt
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1、现代免疫学基础及进展第二讲 免疫细胞,焦志军江苏大学附属医院检验科主任兼中心实验室主任博士、副教授、硕士生导师,History perspective:Immunology and Infectious Diseases,An Overview,1,Violent infectious diseases as disasters for mankind:yellow fever,plaque,cholera,smallpox,flu,Sixty million died in the epidemic of smallpox in Europe in 18 century,Prophylact
2、ic infection by variolation to prevent smallpox in ancient China,人痘接种(variolation)的 正式记载,最早见于明朝 隆庆年间(15671572)。当时的诊所已设有专门的 痘科和种痘师。两种主要的人痘接种法:-鼻苗法 旱苗法 水苗法 浆苗法-痘衣法,张琰:种痘心法,1741年,下苗时选入钵,用杵研细。加水再研,入和苗丹少许,以微有红色为度,不可太多。再研极和。干湿所得,大约苗新宜润,苗久宜干;天寒用温水,天热用凉水。随取木棉絮一丸如豆大,泡透仍挹干,先展钵底苗浆,再收杵上苗浆。然后令孩子向明,左手拈起苗丸,塞入鼻孔,男左
3、女右。,国初,人多畏种痘、至朕得种痘方,诸子女皆以种痘得无恙。今四十九旗 俱命种痘,凡所种者皆得善愈。尝记,初 种豆时,年老人尚以为怪。朕坚意为之,遂全此千万人之生者,岂偶然耶?,康熙:庭训格言(1689年),法国思想家伏尔泰(Voltare,1694-1778)在他著名的著作哲学通讯中说:“我听说100年来中国人一直有此习惯(指人痘接种),这是被认为世界上最聪 明、最讲礼貌的一个民族作出的伟大先例 和榜样。倘若我们在法国曾实施种痘,也许会挽救千千万万人的生命。”,Edward Jenner(1749-1823),牛痘接种(vaccination with cowpox),James Phil
4、ips was the first case vaccinated with cowpoxby Dr.Edward Jenner on May 14,1796,The vaccinationwith cowpoxin Europein nineteencentury,France army:23 400(no smallpox vaccination)Prussian army:278(with smallpox vaccination),An example for evaluation of cowpox vaccination,Victims of smallpox during the
5、 Prussian-France War in 1870,1000年公元1500年1600年1700年1800年1900年2000年,明朝隆庆年间正式记载人痘接种(1567年),埃及法老感染天花(天花感染的最早记录),汉朝时天花(虏疮)自交趾(越南)传入中国,人痘接种传入欧洲(1721年),Jenner 首次实施牛痘人体接种(1796年),牛痘接种传入中国(1804年),最后一例天花患者在索马里治愈(1976年),世界卫生组织宣布全球消灭天花(1980年),AliMaowMaalin,Dr.Louice Pasteur watching Joseph Meister receive the r
6、abies vaccine*,*wood engraving,LIllustration,2 9:836,1885,Dr.Robert Koch discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis,by which Calmette-Guerin vaccine was developed for prevention of Tuberculosis,Dr.Paul Ehrlich in study on diphtheria vaccine,Should Dr.H.Mahler,Director-General ofWHO in 1980,thankEmperor K
7、ang-Xi?,In eradication of smallpox,either variolation or vaccination with cowpox depends on“combat poison with poison”,an excellent idea originally came from ancient China.This is an example that the idea with creativity would be a motive force to push science forward.A The exploration of the mechan
8、isms underlying the vaccination in control of infectious diseases opened an era for immunology developing.,An Overview,Immune,Immunity and Immunology,2,Immune:free of infectious disease1Immunity:the state of protection against foreign organisms or substances(antigens)Immunology:A discipline for:-stu
9、dy on structures and functions of the immune system;-study on mechanisms by which organisms are free from infection with no undesirable consequences of immune responses;-discrimination of self and non-self.-,Immunology:a discipline for discrimination of self and non-self,WHAT IS the SELF?The materia
10、ls encoded by genes in germ-line;The materials encountered by the immune system under developing,The materials encountered by the immune system at the early stage of its development could be regarded as SELF.,Dizygotic cattle twins fused at the placentae,B A C,six week,newborn,cells,skin,skin,A heal
11、thy brown hair skin graft growing on a tolerant white mouse 45 days after grafting,A neonatalgrafting experiment,Imbalance of the self-nonself discriminationcauses diseases,self,nonself,Treatment of nonself as self,Nomal(well discrimination of self-nonself),Treatment of self as nonself,TUMOR,INFECTI
12、ON,AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE,unable to clean nonself,kill innocent,Mutation rate of genes in cells:10-12 10-10/minuteMutated cells in each person per day:10-12101524601.44106,Malignancy:lose control of cell division due to gene mutations,THREE FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM immune defense-anti-infection homeos
13、tasis-immune regulation,autoimmunity immune surveillance-anti-tumors,免疫防御、内环境稳定、免疫监视,Immunology is on frontiers of life sciences Immunology is one of the main pillars for development of basic and clinical medicine Immunology is connected tightly with biotechnology and its industrialization A number
14、of mysteries are under exploration in immunology,Why study Immunology?,Immunologists as Nobel Price Laureates since 1972,year winner main achievement1972 Porter RR,Edelmann GM Chemical structure of antibody 1977 Yalow RR Radio-immunoassay1980 Snell S,Dausset J,Major histocompatibility complex Benacc
15、eraf B1984 Milstein C,Kohler GE Monoclonal antibody1984 Jrena NK Theory for immune regulation1 1988 Tonegawa S Gene re-arrangement in antibody production1991 Thomas ED,Murry J Transplantation immunology1996 Doherty PC,Zinkernagel RM MHC restriction in T cell responses,Immunology on Frontiers of Cont
16、emporary Life Science,Immunology is on frontiers of life sciences Immunology is one of the main pillars for development of basic and clinical medicine Immunology is connected tightly with biotechnology and its industrialization A number of mysteries are under exploration in immunology,Why study Immu
17、nology?,Immune system organs and tissues immunocytes Immunological molecules Immune response innate immunity adapted immunity Immunopathology,immune responses in diseases hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis infection diseases autoimmune diseases immunodeficiency disease tumor immunology transplantation
18、 immunology,Immunology,Organs and tissues central:bone marrow,thymus peripheral:lymph node,spleen,mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue Immunocytes in innate immunity:M,NK,DC,granulocyte,etc in adapted immunity:lymphocyte Immunological molecules Classified based on structure cytokines/chemokines and th
19、eir receptors complements and their regulatory molecules differentiation antigens(CD antigen)adhesion molecules products of TCR,BCR,MHC genes Classified based on function molecules in immunocyte differentiation molecules in inflammation;molecules in antigen-recognition and costimulation molecules in
20、 signal transduction for immunocyte activation molecules in apoptosis and cell death,Immune system,免疫系统:免疫组织和器官免疫细胞免疫分子,第二章 免疫组织与器官,免疫细胞的起源与分化,淋巴干细胞,髓样干细胞,多能干细胞,红细胞 血小板 肥大细胞 中性粒细胞 巨噬细胞 树突状细胞 浆细胞 T细胞 NK细胞,第一节 中枢免疫器官 骨髓(鸟类为腔上囊或法氏囊 Bursa of Fabricius)胸腺 免疫细胞发生、分化、发育、成熟的场所,骨髓(bone marrow,BM)重要的造血器官和免疫器官
21、,由红骨髓和黄骨髓组成。由结缔组织、血管、神经和造血实质细胞组成微环境。功能造血:造血干细胞(hemopoietic stem cell,HSC)基质细胞+细胞因子造血诱导微环境 各类血细胞、免疫细胞发生的场所,B、NK细胞分化成熟场所 分化发育为功能性B细胞的唯一器官 再次体液免疫应答主要部位 缓慢持久地产生抗体 血清抗体的主要来源 外周免疫器官?,胸腺(Thymus)T细胞分化、发育、成熟的场所 胸腺实质:由二种细胞组成 胸腺细胞:发育中的T细胞 胸腺基质细胞(thymic stromal cell,TSC):胸腺上皮细胞:分泌CK和胸腺肽类分子 通过表面分子与胸腺细胞相互作用 M、DC等
22、,胸腺微环境 胸腺基质细胞与胸腺细胞的相互作用 构成了决定T细胞分化、增殖和选择 性发育的胸腺微环境 是T细胞,尤其+T细胞发育场所 胸腺功能 未成熟T与胸腺微环境基质细胞作用 成熟为功能性CD4+T、CD8+T,胸腺的功能,1.T细胞分化发育的场所 有双阴性T-C 单阳性T-C 经过阳性选择 获得MHC限制性 经过阴性选择 获得自身免疫耐受(中枢耐受)经过上述过程发育成合格的表达TCR、MHC限制性,自身耐受的单阳性T-C(CD4+或CD8+)输送到外周淋巴器官。,2.分泌胸腺激素和细胞因子 促进T细胞发育成熟,并分化为亚群3.免疫调节功能 通过TH与TS亚群进行免疫应答正负调节;通过分泌细
23、胞因子和基质细胞表达MHC分子,促进 T-C分化成熟。4.建立自身耐受(中枢耐受)和维持免疫自稳功能5.屏障作用,外周免疫器官,淋巴结 脾脏 黏膜相关淋巴组织,淋巴结的功能,1.过滤作用2.LC居留增殖场所3.产生特异性免疫应答T细胞介导细胞免疫应答;B细胞介导体液免疫应答。4.参与LC再循环 LC再循环是LC在血液和淋巴组织间反复的循环,主要是T-C。深皮质区中的高内皮静脉(HEV)在淋巴细胞再循环起重要作用。,脾脏的功能,1.过滤作用2.LC居留增殖场所3.产生特异性免疫应答4.合成分泌作用:如补体、抗体、细胞因子等,黏膜相关淋巴组织(mucosa-associated lymphoid
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