工程硕士研究生英语基础教程unit(I).ppt

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1、Unit 1,I.Part A Text(My First Job)II.Part B Grammar(Tense)III.Part C Supplementary Reading(Four Words That Changed a Life),Part A Text(My First Job),Background 1.Jay Leno:Born 1950,in NY;Education:Emerson College,graduated,1973.Hobbies and other interests:Antique motorcycles and automobiles.Host,act

2、or,comedian,writer,and environmentalist.Now he still drives Ford Model T.,2.Jill E.BaradBorn on May 23,1951,in New York City,she received(1973)her B.A.from Queens College in NY city.Following graduation she worked as an assistant to the Italian producer and landed a nonspeaking role in his 1974 film

3、 Crazy Joe.After deciding not to pursue an acting career,she worked for Coty Cosmetics as a cosmetician-trainer.Even at this early job,her innovative nature shone through-when she realized that Cotys products were not being placed well in the stores she visited,she designed a wall display that the c

4、ompany would use for the next two decades.By 1981 she began her career with Mattel as a product manager.In 1982 Barad was put in charge of the Barbie line.Launched in 1959,by the early 1980s Barbie was experiencing unspectacular sales.Barad brought new life into the line,overseeing the expansion of

5、the Barbie collection by packaging different versions of the doll,each with its own accessories,so that children would want to own more than one.The results were astounding-annual sales of the Barbie brand grew from$200 million in 1982 to$1.9 billion in 1997.By 1998 the average girl in the U.S.owned

6、 nine Barbies,and the brand amounted to some 40%of Mattels sales.Barads successes brought her a series of promotions.by 1997 she was promoted to CEO.,3.Great Depression(美国经济大萧条时期）The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II.The timing of the Gr

7、eat Depression varied across nations,but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s.It was the longest,most widespread,and deepest depression of the 20th century.In the 21st century,the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the worl

8、ds economy can decline.The depression originated in the U.S.,starting with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929 and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29,1929(known as Black Tuesday).From there,it quickly spread to almost every country in the world.Th

9、e Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country,rich and poor.Personal income,tax revenue,profits and prices dropped.while international trade plunged by to.Unemployment in the U.S.rose to 25%,and in some countries rose as high as 33%.Cities all around the world were hit hard,e

10、specially those dependent on heavy industry.Construction was virtually halted in many countries.Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60%.Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs,areas dependent on primary sector industries such as cash cropping,min

11、ing and logging suffered the most.Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s.However,in many countries the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the start of World War II.,4.Sylvester StalloneSylvester Stallone(born July 6,1946),nicknamed Sly Stallone,is an American actor,fil

12、mmaker,screenwriter,and film director.Stallone is known for his machismo and Hollywood action roles.Two of the notable characters he has portrayed include boxer Rocky Balboa and soldier John Rambo.The Rocky and Rambo franchises,along with several other films,strengthened his reputation as an actor a

13、nd his box office earnings.,5.Henry Ford IIHenry Ford II(September 4,1917 September 29,1987),commonly known as HF2 and Hank the Deuce,was the son of Edsel Ford and grandson of Henry Ford.He was president of the Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960,chairman of the board and chief executive officer(CE

14、O)from 1960 to 1979,and chairman for several months thereafter.,II.Language Points,1.I acquired a very strong work ethic from my parents,both of whom lived through the Great Depression.acquire:v.to gain or come to possess,esp.by ones own work,skill,or action,often over a long period of time.取得；得到 e.

15、g.I managed to acquire two tickets for the concert.我设法弄到了两张音乐会的票。Gradually we acquired experience in how to do the work.我们逐步获得了做这工作的经验。Useful expression:to acquire mannerisms 形成或养成独特的习惯,2.They couldnt understand people who didnt work regularly.regular:adj.a happening,coming,or doing sth.again and ag

16、ain at the same times each day,week,etc.有规律的，经常的 e.g.They keep regular hours(get up and go to bed at the same times each day)他们的起居很有规律。Useful expression:have regular features 五官端正 regular size 普通型号 the regular army 正规军 a regular guy 好人，靠得住的人,3.I worked until five or six oclock on school days and put

17、 in 12-hour days during the summer as a prepper.put in 12-hour days:spent 12 hours working each day put in:to do(work)or spend(time),esp.for a purpose 为某一目的干活，花费时间 e.g.Altogether，he has put in about four years work on his thesis 他总共用了4年时间研究他的课题。Useful expression:put in an application 递交一份申请书 She put

18、 in.她插话。,4.This meant washing and polishing the new cars,and making sure the paper floor mats were in place.make sure of sth/that:查明，确保，弄确实；e.g.I think I locked the door,but Ill just go back and make sure(of it/that I did.)我想我是锁了门的，但是我还是想回去确认一下。in place:(i)in the proper or usual position 在适当的位置上 e.g

19、.As soon as all the chairs are in place,we can let the people in.一旦所有的椅子摆好了，我们就可以让人们进来。(ii)in existence and ready to be used 准备好投入使用 e.g.The new regulations are now in place.新条例已制定好，可以开始执行了。,5.Another responsibility was taking off the hubcaps at night,so they wouldnt get stolen,and replacing them th

20、e next day.so they wouldnt get stolen:so that they wouldnt get stolen replace:to change(one person or thing)for another,often better,newer,etc.更换；替换 e.g.Weve replaced the old adding machine with/by a computer.我们用计算机代替了旧式的加法机。Useful expression:replace the book on the shelf 把放回原处,6.One day,carrying an

21、 armful of hubcaps around a corner,I almost bumped into our new general manager.bump:to hit or knock against with force or violence.猛碰，撞；e.g.The car bumped the tree.汽车撞在树上。The two cars bumped into each other.两辆车撞在一起了。I bumped my knee against/on the table.我的膝盖碰在桌子上了。,7.Startled,I dropped them all.He

22、fired me on the spot.Startled,I dropped them all:The part participle“startled”is used as an adverbial,indicating the reason.He fired me on the spot:He fired me then an there./He fired me immediately.on the spot:立刻；在现场；不离原地 e.g.His direct question put me on the spot.他直截了当的提问使我不得不据实回答。8.Every day for

23、about two weeks,I stayed busy until evening.I stayed busy:I remained/continued to be busy.,9.Desperate,I wrote a letter to Henry Ford II and told him what happened.desperate:be desperate for work/money;be desperate to do sth.极需要的 e.g.Hes desperate for a glass of water.他极想喝一杯水。Useful expression:a las

24、t desperate attempt 最后孤注一掷的努力 a desperate shortage of food 食物严重短缺,10.“I dont know who you know in Detroit,”he said,“but if you want your job back,you got it.”I dont know who you know:In formal English“whom”would be used.11.Later,during college,I wanted to work at a Rolls-Royce dealership,but the own

25、er said there were no openings.opening:n.(at,in)an unfilled job position;vacancy 空缺；空额 e.g.Therere no openings for secretaries at the bank at present.目前银行没有秘书职位空缺。,12.It takes persistence to succeed.Attitude also matters.Attitude also matters:Attitude is also important.13.I have never thought I was

26、better than anyone else,but I have always believed I couldnt be outworked.outwork:do better work than工作比.做得更好(或更快、更勤)The prefix“out-”means“surpassing,to a greater extent.”Other examples:outrun=run faster or better than outdo=do more or better than outlast=last or live longer than,14.Watching my mone

27、y grow was more rewarding than anything I could have bought.Watching my money grow was more rewarding than anything I could have bought:The subjunctive mood is used to mean the author was satisfied to watch her money grow and did not buy anything with the money.15.Grandma,a tough taskmaster,never ga

28、ve me favorable treatment.favorable:winning favor and approval 博得好感得；赢得赞许的 e.g.create a very favorable impression 给人留下好印象 Useful expression:on very favorable terms 以非常优惠的条件,16.She watched me like a hawk yet allowed me to handle high-pressure situations such as working during the lunch rush.handle:(i

29、)n.柄；把手 a door handle 门把手 e.g.I turned the handle and opened the door.我转了转拉手,把门打开(ii)v.to deal with;control 应付；控制 e.g.I was impressed by her handling of the affair.我觉得她对此事的处理很了不起 Useful expression:Glass-handle with care!玻璃制品轻拿轻放！（to move by hand 移动搬运）,17.By the time I was 12,she thought I had done s

30、uch a good job that she promoted me to selling cosmetics.promote:(i)to give sb.a higher position or rank 提升，晋升 e.g.The young army officer was promoted to(the rank of)captain.这个年轻的军官晋升为上尉了 He likes to read biographies of great men to promote himself.他喜欢读伟人传记来提高自己。(ii)to help in the growth or developm

31、ent of 促进；推动；增进 e.g.We must promote commerce with neighboring countries.我们必须促进与邻国的贸易。,18.I took a genuine interest in their questions and was able to translate what they wanted into makeup ideas.translate what they wanted into makeup ideas:understand what they wanted and advise them on how to make u

32、p so as to achieve the effect desired.translate:to change from one form to another 转化 e.g.If we get elected we will be able to translate our ideas into action.如果我们当选，就可把自己的主张变为行动。,19.I ended up selling a record amount of cosmetics.a record amount of cosmetics:the largest amount of cosmetics ever sol

33、dend up:to be in the end(in the stated place,condition,etc.)最后成为；最后处于 e.g.She ended up her speech with a short poem 她朗诵了一首短诗结束了她的演讲。Despite his strenuous efforts，he ended up unsuccessfully after all 尽管他付出了艰苦的努力，可最后还是没有成功。,Part B 英语的时态,动词的现在时,一般现在时1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。2.时间状语：always,usually,ofte

34、n,sometimes,every week(day,year,month),once a week,on Sundays,3.基本结构：动词 原形（如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。(1)一般现在时表示经常性的动作或状态 一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与often,always,usually,sometimes

35、,every day等时间状语连用。如：The shop opens at nine every day.这家商店每天九点开门。(2)一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理 Food easily goes bad in hot weather.天气热时食物容易坏。(3)一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态 The picture looks very beautiful.这幅画看起来很美。,(4)一般现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态 When does the train arrive?火车几点到？(5)用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明 INSIDE THE SHELTER:St

36、ockton slowly turns to face his wife.The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.防空洞中：斯道克顿慢慢转过身，面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去，而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。(6)电视节目直播解说 Its Carter to serve-he needs just one more point.He serves.And Smith misses.What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to

37、19-year-old Harry Carter.该卡特发球了，他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了，史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球！冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。,现在进行时1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语：now,at this time,days,etc.look.listen 3.基本结构：be+doing 4.否定形式：be+not+doing.5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。6.例句：How are you feeling today?He is doing well in his lessons.(1)现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作 表示现阶

38、段正在进行的动作，通常用表示现阶段的时间状语，如：today,this week,this month,this year,this term,now等。如：He is writing a novel now.他目前正在写一部小说。(2)现在进行时表示经常性的动作 现在进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only,merely,simply,really,fast,rapidly,steadily,forever,all the time,always,constantly,continually,repeatedly等频度副词连用。如：She is always complain

39、ing.她总是在抱怨。(3)现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事 这一用法只适用于某些动词，如：go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,spend,sail,meet,fly等。如：The guest is leaving by train tonight.客人今晚坐火车走。,现在完成时(1)现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态 现在完成时的这种用法通常与由since或for引导的时间状语连用。如：The old man have lived here for more than twenty years.老人已在此住了20多年了。(2)现在完成时表示过去发

40、生的对现在有影响的动作 1 现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语，有时可以和already,before,ever,just,lately,never,once,recently,yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如：Have you ever been to Australia?你去过澳大利亚吗？2 有时现在完成时和now,today,this morning,this week,this year等表示现在的时间状语连用。如：I haven t seen him today.我今天没见过他。I have seen him only once this year.我今年只见过他一次。

41、(3)现在完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作 Ill go to the party as soon as(or when)I have finished my homework.我完成作业后就去参加聚会。(4)现在完成时和until now,so far,in the past few years,up to the present等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用 I have not heard from her so far.到目前为止，我没有收到过她的信。We have learned five hundred words up to the present.到目前为止

42、，我们已学了五百个生词。但要注意：当意义明确时，适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如：He has done a lot of work.他干了许多工作。She has told me about her story.她跟我讲过她的故事。,现在完成进行时1.概念：表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。2.基本结构：have/has+been+doing 3.时间状语：since+时间点，for+时间段等。4.例子：I have been sitting here for an hour.The chirdren have bee

43、n watching TV since six oclock.(1)现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作 Ive been writing letters all this morning.我写了一上午信。（动作不再继续）ONeil is ill.He s been lying in the bed for three weeks.奥尼尔在病中，已卧床3个星期了。（动作会继续下去）(2)现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作 现在完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作，而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如：What have you been doing a

44、ll this time?你一直都在干什么来着？（动作可能继续下去）That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。（断断续续地反复发生的动作）,动词的过去时,一般过去时1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。2.时间状语：ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week,last(year,night,month),in 1989,just now,at the age

45、of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon a time,etc.3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 的过去式 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.I didnt know you were so busy.(1)一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态 1 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday,

46、last night(week,year,month,Sunday),then,at that time,at that moment,just now,a few days(weeks,months,years)ago等。例句：Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out.出门前露茜关了所有的灯。2 一般过去时也可以与today,this week(month,year)等时间状语连用，但这些时间状语应指过去。如：Did you see him today?你今天见他了吗？（today指今天已过去的某一时刻）3 一般过去时还可以和for

47、或since引导的时间状语连用。如：I stayed there for two months.我在那里呆了两个月。Nothing happened since then.打那以后什么事都没有发生。(2)有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中 Who was that?那人是谁？I saw Ker in town.我在城里看见了克尔。(3)一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。Hans said he would let us know if he got any news.汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。,过去进行时1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生

48、或进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语：at this time yesterday,at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3.基本结构 s+was/were+doing 4.否定形式：s+was/were+not+doing.5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.When he came in,I was reading a newspaper.(1)过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作 1 过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。如：We were

49、having dinner when they came.他们来的时候，我们正在吃饭。2 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。如：Carlos was staying at home all last week.上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆着。They were building a dam last spring.去年春天他们一直在修一个水坝。3 过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。如：I was reading while she was writing.我在读书，她在写字。4 有时过去进行时用于主句，位于其后的when引导的从句表示意外发生的情况：I was walking i

50、n the street when it began to rain.我正在街上走着，突然下起了雨。(2)过去进行时表示过去将来的动作 过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的打算，通常仅限于come,go,leave,depart,start等一些表示移动的动词。如：He didnt know whether she was coming.他不知道她是否会来。The delegation was departing three days later.代表团打算三天后动身。,过去完成时1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。2.时间状语