《计算机专业英语》电子教案第11章.ppt
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1、Computer English,Chapter 11 Database Management,计算机专业英语,11-2,Key points:useful terms and definitions of Database ManagementDifficult points:Classification of the logical structuring techniques of DBMS,计算机专业英语,11-3,Requirements:,1.Principle of easiest penetration,2.The kinds of computer security brea
2、ches,3.What is firewall,4.了解英文摘要的写作技巧,计算机专业英语,11-4,New Words&Expressions:facilitate 使容易,促进 retrieval n.检索field n.字段,record 记录,alphabetically 按字母顺序地 chronologically 按年代顺序排break down v.分解 build up 建造,装配,组成encyclopedia n.百科全书 reference n.涉及,参考,引用bibliography 书目,参考书目 periodical n.期刊,杂志literature n.文献,著作
3、 professional n.专业人员,专家,11.1 Overview,Abbreviations:,计算机专业英语,11-5,A database consists of a file or a set of files.The information in these files may be broken down into records,each of which consists of one or more fields.Fields are the basic units of data storage,and each field typically contains i
4、nformation pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database.Using keywords and various sorting commands,users can rapidly search,rearrange,group,and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregates of data.一个数据库由一个文件或文件集合组成。这些文件中的信
5、息可分解成一个个记录,每个记录有一个或多个域。域是数据存储的基本单位,每个域一般含有由数据库描述的属于实体的一个方面或一个特性的信息。用户使用键盘和各种排序命令,能够快速查找、重排、分组并在查找的许多记录中选择相应的域,建立特定集上的报表。,11.1 Overview,计算机专业英语,11-6,11.1 Overview,Database records and files must be organized to allow retrieval of the information.Early systems were arranged sequentially(i.e.,alphabeti
6、cally,numerically,or chronologically);the development of direct-access storage devices made possible random access to data via indexes.Queries are the main way users retrieve database information.Typically,the user provides a string of characters,and the computer searches the database for a correspo
7、nding sequence and provides the source materials in which those characters appear.A user can request,for example,all records in which the content of the field for a persons last name is the word Smith.数据库记录和文件的组织必须确保能对信息进行检索。早期的系统是顺序组织的(如:字母顺序、数字顺序或时间顺序);直接访问存储设备的研制成功使得通过索引随机访问数据成为可能。用户检索数据库信息的主要方法是
8、query(查询)。通常情况下,用户提供一个字符串,计算机在数据库中寻找相应的字符序列,并且给出字符串在何处出现。比如,用户能够在所有记录中寻找所有last name域为Smith的记录。,计算机专业英语,11-7,In flat databases 2,records are organized according to a simple list of entities;many simple databases for personal computers are flat in structure.The records in hierarchical databases are or
9、ganized in a treelike structure,with each level of records branching off into a set of smaller categories.Unlike hierarchical databases,which provide single links between sets of records at different levels,network databases create multiple linkages between sets by placing links,or pointers,to one s
10、et of records in another;the speed and versatility of network databases have led to their wide use in business.在非结构化的数据库中,按照实体的一个简单列表组织记录;很多个人计算机的简易数据库是非结构的。层次型数据库按树型组织记录,每一层的记录分解成更小的属性集。层次型数据库在不同层的记录集之间提供一个单一链接,与此不同,网络型数据库在不同记录集之间提供多个链接,这是通过设置指向其它记录集的链或指针来实现的。网络型数据库的速度及多样性使其在企业中得到广泛应用。,11.1 Overvie
11、w,计算机专业英语,11-8,Relational databases are used where associations among files or records cannot be expressed by links;a simple flat list becomes one table,or“relation”,and multiple relations can be mathematically associated to yield desired information.Object-oriented databases store and manipulate mo
12、re complex data structures,called“objects”,which are organized into hierarchical classes that may inherit properties from classes higher in the chain;this database structure is the most flexible and adaptable.当文件或记录间的关系不能用链表达时,使用关系型数据库。一个表或一个“关系”,就是一个简单的非结构列表。多个关系可通过数学关系提供所需信息。面向对象的数据库存储并处理更复杂的称为对象的
13、数据结构,可组织成有层次的类,其中的每个类可以继承层次链中更高一级类的特性,这种数据库结构最灵活,最具适应性。,11.1 Overview,计算机专业英语,11-9,New Words&Expressions:sequential 顺序的,连续的 integrate 综合,使成整体access v.访问 retrieve v.找回,检索employ v.使用 list structure n.链表结构invoice n.发票 pointer n.指针hierarchical structure 树结构 subordinate adj.从属的network structure 网状结构 rela
14、tional structure 关系结构physical structure 物理结构,11.2 DBMS STRUCTURING TECHNIQUES,Abbreviations:DBMS(Database Management System)数据库管理信息系统,计算机专业英语,11-10,11.2 DBMS STRUCTURING TECHNIQUES,DBMS is able to access and retrieve data from nonkey record fields.That is,the DBMS is able to structure and tie togeth
15、er the logically related data from several large files.DBMS可综合几个文件的数据项以回答用户对信息的查询,这就意味着DBMS能够访问和检索非关键记录字段的数据,即DBMS能够将几个大文件中逻辑相关的数据组织并连接在一起。Logical Structures.Identifying these logical relationships is a job of the data administrator.A data definition language is used for this purpose.The DBMS may th
16、en employ one of the following logical structuring techniques during storage access,and retrieval operations 1:逻辑结构。确定这些逻辑关系是数据管理者的任务,由数据定义语言完成。DBMS在存储、访问和检索操作过程中可选用以下逻辑构造技术:,计算机专业英语,11-11,11.2 DBMS STRUCTURING TECHNIQUES,1.List structures.In this logical approach,records are linked together by the
17、use of pointers.A pointer is a data item in one record that identifies the storage location of another logically related record.Records in a customer master file,for example,will contain the name and address of each customer,and each record in this file is identified by an account number.During an a
18、ccounting period,a customer may buy a number of items on different days.Thus,the company may maintain an invoice file to reflect these transactions.链表结构。在该逻辑方式中,记录通过指针链接在一起。指针是记录中的一个数据项,它指出另一个逻辑相关的记录的存储位置,例如,顾客主文件中的记录将包含每个顾客的姓名和地址,而且该文件中的每个记录都由一个账号标识。在记账期间,顾客可在不同时间购买许多东西,公司保存一个发票文件以反映这些交易。,计算机专业英语,1
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