翻译基础课外学习课件Unit7passiveppt课件.ppt

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1、A Practical Course of English-Chinese And Chinese-English Translation,By Sang Longyang Professor,Unit 7 The Passive Voice,Practical Translation Training I.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation II.The Passive Structures in Chinese-English TranslationReflections and Practice,Highlights of t

2、he Unit,1.English-Chinese Translation,2.Chinese-English Translation,Viewrinals,传真机,Practical Translation Training,Viewrinals,It is another first for British industry and design:urinals with screens.英国工业与设计的又一个第一：带屏幕的便池。They are called“Viewrinals”,and they feature a small screen at eye level displayi

3、ng adverts which,one hopes,are not too distracting.这种叫做“视屏便池”的设施其特征是在与目光持平的位置上安装一个小显示屏展示广告内容。人们希望这种装置不会太分散入厕人的注意力。Feature:to have or include as a prominent part or characteristic:由主演：包含作为主要部分或特点的.Distract:to cause to turn away from the original focus of attention or interest;divert.分散，转移：使转离原来的注意力或兴

4、趣；使分心Already positioned in roughly 100 nightclubs and bars,their maker,a firm called Digital View,hopes to see them adopted everywhere.这种新设施已经安置在大约100家夜总会和酒吧间，其生产制造者是一家叫做“数码视图“的公司，他们希望看到这些产品用于世界各地。position:to put in place or position.定位：安放在一个位置或方向上Viewrinals are just the latest（and most peculiar）exa

5、mple of how moving pictures are replacing conventional advertising.“视屏便池”只不过是说明电影正在怎样取代传统的广告宣传的最新（也是最特殊）的一个例子。,Viewrinals,Screens can now be found in supermarkets,cornershops,service-station forecourts,and so on.They can either generate revenue for the shop owners or promote specific products within

6、 the store.现今在超市，街角商店，加油站的加油处等地随处都可以见到显示屏。这些显示屏要么能够为店主带来收益，要么能够促销店内特定商品。Forecourt:a courtyard in front of a building.前院：建筑物前面的庭院,加油站的加油处Liquid-crystal display technology is partly responsible for this new intrusion.The price of LCD screens has been falling,and their advantages are many.Unlike a cath

7、ode ray monitor,an LCD screen is thin and so can fit in tight spaces and on walls.It also needs less power and is easier to protect from vandalism.液晶显示技术使这一新开发产品成为可能。其价格已经下降，而好处却不胜枚举。液晶显示屏不像阴极射线监视器，液晶显示屏很薄，并且可以牢固地装嵌在挤满物件的狭小空间或墙壁上。它也不费电，并且便于保护，不容易受破坏。responsible for:为.负责;是造成.的原因fit:to insert or adjus

8、t so as to be properly in place安装：插入或调整使之在合适的位置上vandalism:willful or malicious destruction of public or private property.恶意破坏的行为：故意的或恶意的对公共或私人财产进行破坏的行为,Viewrinals,Furthermore,the Viewrinals screen can now be plugged straight into the Internet,and thus be fed with commercials from anywhere in the wor

9、ld,which are in turn transmitted with the latest video compression techniques.The Viewrinal is thus at the cutting-edge of modern technology.此外，“视屏便池”的显示屏现在可以直接与国际互连网络连接，这样一来就可以接收世界各地的商业广告节目，而这些广告节目转而又用最新的视频压缩技术来转播。因此，“视屏便池便处于现代技术之前沿。plug:To insert(something)as a plug将作为一个塞子插进去commercial:An advertis

10、ement on television or radio在电视或无线电上的广告in turn:in turn轮流地;挨个,依次;反过来Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理论以实践为基础，反过来又为实践服务。cutting-edge:“（刀片的）刃口，刀刃”，此处意译为“前沿”，“尖端”。,Viewrinals,Digital View（数码视图公司）has introduced advertising screens in shops,buses and trains,as well as in more unusu

11、al places.数码视图公司已将广告视屏引入商场、公交车、列车以及其他一些特殊场所。A few nightclubs now sport Digital Views cigarette machines with built-in televisions,to advertise different parts of the venue.目前，一些夜总会利用嵌入式电视来炫耀数码视图公司的一些香烟出售机，用广告来显示现场的各个不同侧面。sport：to display or show off:炫耀：展示或炫耀惹人注目地穿带：Spor a diamond ring 炫耀钻石戒指built-in

12、:Constructed as part of a larger unit;not detachable:嵌入的：作为一个大整体的一部分建造的；不可分的：,Viewrinals,The company also has plans for screens in taxis and on cash registers,and for tiny ones on the side of beer pumps(从啤酒筒抽出啤酒的唧筒)to promote each drink.数码视图公司还打算在出租车和现金出纳机上安装显示屏，甚至准备在啤酒唧筒侧面安装小型显示屏以促销各类饮料。Will Viewri

13、nals catch on?Advertisers can keep a tab of how many times each advert is seen.“视屏便池”能流行于世吗？广告商可以密切注视各个广告究竟看了多少次。catch on:To understand;perceive;to become popular:Skateboarding caught on quickly.,Viewrinals,On the other hand,a loo sophisticated enough to be at risk of computer hackers is not necessa

14、rily in progress.而另一方面，设施过于先进的洗手间有遭电脑黑客破坏的风险，因此没有必要考虑修建。sophisticated：very complex or complicated:非常复杂精密或尖瑞的And,although Digital View also makes Viewloos-screens placed tastefully by the basin-it has no plans for a female equivalent to the Viewrinal.Thank God.所以，尽管数码视图公司也将视屏厕所显示屏高雅地安装在便池旁，但是却没有在女厕所也

15、安装“视屏便池”的打算。谢天谢地。,Notes and Explanations,Viewrinal缩合词，由view+urinal5juErinl构成，可译为“视 频便池”Digtal View数码视图（公司名）cornershop n.街角商店Liquid-crystal display technology液晶显示技术cathode ray monitor 阴极射线监视器vandalism n.对艺术的破坏be plugged straight into the Internet 直接与国际互联网连接video compression technology 视频压缩技术,Notes an

16、d Explanations,cutting-edge n.前沿；尖端different parts of the venue(The scene or setting in which something takes place;a locale:事件发生地点：某事发生的现场或背景 事件发生场所)现场的各个不同侧面catch on 流行keep a tab of 密切注视a loo sophisticated(Very complex or complicated:非常复杂精密或尖瑞的)enough 太高档的洗手间；loo n.厕所；盥洗室in progress 进行中,传真机,传真机在我国

17、的使用已十分普及，并已成为重要的现代通讯终端设备。Fax machines have been widely used in China as a popular and important modern telecommunications terminal equipment.据估计，2002年中国市场对传真机的需求量为200万台，国内产量仅能满足约30%的需求，进口机将占据市场的主导地位。It is estimated that China needs 2 million fax machines in the year 2002,but the country can only sat

18、isfy about 30%of the demand with the market being dominated by the imported ones.目前国内市场上的传真机90%以上是进口货，其中80%来自日本。At present,more than 90%of the fax machines in Chinas market are imported from overseas,80%of which are from Japan.,传真机,面对这种情况，国内已有20多家生产企业组装生产传真机，并开始投放市场。To deal with such a situation,mor

19、e than 20 home plants have begun to assemble and produce fax machines,and homemade machines are being put in the market.上海理光传真机公司生产的产品已经开始返销日本，并已开发出一种具有无纸接收功能的新颖传真机。The Shanghai Ricoh Fax Machine Company has begun exporting its products to Japan and has developed a new model that can receive informa

20、tion without paper.,The wide use of the passive is considered to be one of the outstanding features of the English language,especially in its scientific works.And the following is a typical example:in a short section of 14 predicate verbs,the passive account for 13!,Original English:As oil is found

21、deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface.Consequently,a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out.If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil,a“drilling rig”is assembled.The most obvious part of a drilling rig is c

22、alled“a derrick”.It is used to lift sections of pipe,which are lowered into the hole made by the drill.As the hole is being drilled,a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in.If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape throug

23、h a series of valves.,Here are some instances of the passive from the above Practical Translation Training:They are called“Viewrinals”.a firm called Digital View,hope to see them adopted everywhere.Screens can now be found in supermarkets,cornershops,and so on.Furthermore,the Viewrinals screen can n

24、ow be plugged straight into the Internet,and thus be fed with commercials from anywhere in the world,which are in turn transmitted with the latest video compression techniques.Advertisers can keep a tab of how many times each advert is seen.,Generally speaking,English passive voice is preferable in

25、the following cases:1.When the active subject is unknown or cannot be readily stated,for example:We are kept strong and well by clean air.2.When the actor(doer of the action)is known but need not be mentioned,for example:Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.3.When the actor is emphasized

26、 for some special purpose,for example:The three machines can be controlled by a single operator.4.When the passive structure is used as a stylistic device to avoid the incoherence of structure shifting,for example:John was a lawyers son and was destined to the bar.,The passive voice in Chinese is le

27、ss commonly used in comparison with the English on account of the flexible syntax of the Chinese language.Therefore,in English-Chinese translation,we should avoid sticking to the original patterns,and try to convert the passive voice into various“active”patterns.,I.The Passive Voice in English-Chine

28、se Translation,The following are usual methods of translating English sentences in the passive voice.1.The Passive Voice Converted into the Active Voice1)The Original Subject UnchangedThe whole country was armed in a few days.The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been tota

29、lly eradicated.Every moment of every day,energy is being transformed from one form into another.,I.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation,More examples:例1 The oil of the world will have been used up,and man will be using the more convenient power obtained from the splitting of the atom.全世界

30、的石油将会用尽，到那时人们将使用从原子分裂过程中获得的这种更为方便的动力。例2Pure science has been subdivided into physical science,which deals with the facts and relations of the physical world,and biological science,which investigates the history and makings of life on the planet.理论科学分为自然科学和生物科学，前者研究自然界的各种事物和相互联系，而后者则探讨地球上生物的发展历史和活动。例

31、3Six medical scientists were honored in l973 by the Gairdner Foundation Of Toronto，Canada，for outstanding research由于杰出的研究工作，六位医学科学家于1973年荣获了加拿大多伦多的盖尔德纳基金会颁发的奖励。例4Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earths crust许多盆地都是因地壳陷落而形成的。例5The speed of the molecules is increased when they are heate

32、d当分子受热时，分子的速度就增加。例6Bearing must be lubricated轴承必须上油。,I.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation,采用这种译法，关键在于如何处理原文的谓语动词。必须结合原文上下文和词的搭配仔细琢磨，选择能从主动角度恰当地表达其被动含义的词语。例5、例6属于科技英语，这类句子使用被动是有历史根源的。英美科学工作者认为，科技论文要客观地对待事物，避免主观臆断，因此要避免使用第一、二人称，而要求使用第三人称来叙述科技道理，这就造成广泛使用被动语态。当这类被动句不需要或不可能指出施动者时，一般译成汉语主动式。

33、2)Changing Original Object into SubjectBy the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics.Communications satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the world.,I.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese

34、Translation,More examples:A施动者+主动式谓语+受动者例1Much has been said about the complexity of the nuclear power reaction.有关原子能反应堆的复杂性已经谈得很多了。例2Yet，only a part of this energy is used by man然而，人类只利用了这种能源的一部分。例3He is revered and admired by all of us我们大家都敬仰他，钦佩他。,I.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translatio

35、n,B施动者+“把”(或“给”等)+受动者+主动式谓语例1Goodyear,an American,had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be made hard,non-stick,and yet elastic.有一个叫古德伊尔的美国人一直在努力寻找一种方法把橡胶做得硬而不粘，但是却有弹性。例2Rivers are controlled by dams拦河坝把河流控制住了。例3The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire大火

36、把这家著名的旅馆几乎完全毁掉了。例4We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。例5He was regarded as a Republican by everybody，even though he had always thought of himself as an“Independent”尽管他一直认为自己是“无党派人士”，人们都把他看作共和党人。,I.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation,3)Changing the Passive in

37、to the Predicative Verb“是”The picture was printed by Professor Smith.The house was built of wood in 1985.The volume is not measured in square millimeters.It is measured in cubic millimeters.More examples:例1There are some radioactive isotopes which are produced artificially by bombardment of nuclei w

38、ith neutrons.有几种放射性同位素是通过中子轰击原子核而产生出来的。例2This pamphlet of technical glossary is redacted by an engineer这本技术词汇小册子是一位工程师编纂的。例3The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro 1eader这次反种族歧视运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。例4My first thirty years were spent in Western

39、 America我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。例5The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the French Revolution手稿是在法国革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。,I.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation,4)Adding a Proper Subject to Make the Chinese Version SmoothTo explore the moons surface,rockets were launched aga

40、in and again.Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.It is well known that smoking is harmful to the health.More examples:例1Mr.Li is considered to be a good teacher大家认为李先生是位好老师。例2He is believed to be deeply interested in the subject人们认为他对这一学科十分感兴趣。,I.The Passive Voice in Engli

41、sh-Chinese Translation,2.The Passive Structure Converted into a Subjectless SentenceOmission of the subject is one of the typical features of Chinese syntax.Therefore in the practice of English-Chinese translation,we may use a subjectless sentence to replace the English sentences in the passive voic

42、e.The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.Best surface finish is provided by machining methods,especially by grinding.,I.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation,2.The Passive Structure Converted into a Subjectle

43、ss SentenceMore examples:例1The rusting of iron is one example of corrosion,which may be described as the destructive chemical attack on a metal by media with which it comes in contact,such as moisture,air and water.可以认为，腐蚀是金属接触湿气、空气和水等介质时受到的破坏性化学反应，而铁锈只是其中的一个例子。例2It has been noted with concern that

44、the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly.Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books,and to bear in mind the needs of other students.Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.近来已注意到本馆存书正在惊人地减少，此事令人关切。现要求学

45、生不要忘记借书还书规则，并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。,I.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation,2.The Passive Structure Converted into a Subjectless Sentence例3A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this bureaus possession.It is noted that the letter was received two m

46、onths ago,and after study,returned to your office.In view of the foregoing,it is regretted that your office has no record of its receipt.If the letter is found,it would be appreciated if this bureau was notified at once.最近查找了卷宗，发现本局并无此信。根据记录，信是两个月前收到的，经研究后，已寄还贵处。有鉴于此，贵处似无收信的记录，甚为遗憾。如能找到此信，请即通知本局，不胜感

47、谢。例4Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected to loud continuous noise.要注意减少人们处于连续噪音之中的时间。例5The matter was never mentioned again后来再也没提这件事。例6Tremendous research work has been done to bring about such fantastic speeds为了达到这样神奇的速度，进行了巨大的研究工作。,I.The Passive Voice in Englis

48、h-Chinese Translation,2.The Passive Structure Converted into a Subjectless Sentence例7Some pictures were hung on the wall墙上挂了一些画。例8A considerable investment has been made in the exploration of the sea depths在海底勘探方面进行了巨额投资。例9He was scared out of his wits他吓得魂飞魄散。例10The movie will be shown again tomorro

49、w电影明天还要放映。例11The novel has already been translated into many languages这本小说已译成好几种语言。例12Some books are to be tasted，others to be swallowed，and some few to be chewed and digested书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。,I.The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation,2.The Passive Structure Converted into a Subjectles

50、s Sentence一般说来，可译为无主句的英语被动句多是描述什么地方发生、存在或消失了什么事物的句子。另外，一些表示看法、态度及告诫、要求、号召等的句子，可译成汉语的使动结构。使动结构的特点是：通常不提出施动者，即为无主句；句中有“使”、“让”等词。如：例1Every student must be helped to understand that only by painstaking study can he master English必须使每个学生懂得，只有刻苦学习，才能掌握英语。例2The educational reform must be carried through to