大学英语常用词词义辨析实例(一)分析解析.doc
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1、林明金讲义大学英语词义辨析实例(一)林明金abandon, desert, forsake, relinquish, discard 丢弃辨析abandon是失去控制,或丧失了占有的能力,强调永远和完全放弃。desert “遗弃,抛弃”,强调违背允诺、誓言或逃避责任。Forsake“放弃,抛弃”,强调断绝感情的依恋。Relinquish强调放弃权利,特权或要求。discard“废弃,摒弃,扔掉”,指无用而废弃。例证1 They abandoned their lands to the invading forces.他们丢下了土地,遭侵略占领。2 The village had been hu
2、rriedly deserted, perhaps because terrorists were in the area.全村人都匆匆逃走了,或许因为该地区有恐怖分子。3 He forsook his family and friends.他舍弃他的家人和朋友。4 She relinquished possession of the house to her sister.她把房子的所有权让给了她的妹妹。5 She discarded a four, and picked up a king.她打出一张四点的牌,抓起一张K。abolish, eliminate, extinguish, ca
3、ncel 消除辨析abolish指“用暴力或法律手段废除旧制度、旧风俗”。eliminate指“消除或淘汰不需要的东西”。extinguish指“用压服性的武力等手段使其毁灭”。Cancel指“取消已预定的事情”。例证1Should the death penalty be abolished?应该废除死刑吗?2. The police have eliminated two suspects from their enquiry.警方从调查中排除了两名受嫌疑的人。3They tried to extinguish the fire.他们竭力要把火焰扑灭。4. The match had to
4、 be cancelled because of bad weather.比赛因天气不好只得取消。disgusting, abominable令人讨厌的辨析disgusting指“卑鄙的行为、手段或事物令人憎恶”。在日常生活中,该词的语气较弱,指“使人讨厌或受不了”。abominable语气很重,有“让人深恶痛绝的”意味,它可指“一切令人不快的事情”。例证1 He found her cooking habits to be disgusting.他发现她的烹调习惯让人受不了。2 Your behavior is abominable to me.我讨厌你的行为。abridge, shorte
5、n, abbreviate 缩减,缩短辨析abridge指“通过压缩删节而减少,但核心部分仍保留”。shorten指“在长度、时间、范围等方面缩减”。abbreviate指“词、短语通过压缩或省略某些部分而缩短”例证1. This is an abridged edition of War and Peace. 这是一本战争与和平的节略本。2The days are beginning to shorten.白天开始变短了。3. In writing, the title Doctor is abbreviated to Dr”.在书写时,Doctor头衔的缩写是Dr。absorb, assi
6、milate吸收辨析absorb指“使被吸收者失去其特点”,或指“将某人或某物合并”。assimilate指“使被吸收者的特点不复存在”,或指“将被吸收者变成吸收者的一部分”。例证1 Aspirin is quickly absorbed by the body.阿司匹林很快被身体吸收了。2 The larger firm absorbed the smaller one.那大公司吞并了那小公司。3 Some foods are assimilated more easily than others.有些食物比另一些食物容易吸收。4 The USA has assimilated people
7、 from many different countries.美国同化了来自许多国家的人。abstract, extract提取,提炼辨析abstract指“把一种东西从另一种东西中分离出来”。extract强调“用力或仔细地直接提取,或使用机器榨出”例证1. We can abstract metal from ore.我们能从矿砂中提取金属。2. We can extract juice from oranges.我们能榨出橙子汁。3. She extracted passages for the students to translate.她选了些短文让学生翻译。absurd, fool
8、ish, silly, ridiculous不合理辨析absurd强调“不符合人情或常识”。foolish强调“缺乏智慧和判断力”。silly强调“单纯、糊涂、低能的”。ridiculous指“人的行为愚蠢到令人发笑”,常含有“鄙视”的意味。例证1. It was absurd of you to suggest such a thing.你竟提出这种事,真荒唐。2. It would be foolish to pretend that the accident never happened.要是装成没发生事故的样子,那就太愚蠢了。3. Dont make us play silly gam
9、es.别让我们做荒唐可笑的游戏。4. You look ridiculous in those tight jeans.你穿上那紧身牛仔裤样子真可笑。abundant, plentiful, ample丰富辨析abundant指“丰富的,充裕的”。plenty指“大量的,丰富的”。ample指“充分的、足以满足需要的”例证1.We have abundant proof of his guilt.我们有充分的证据证明他有罪。2. We can find plentiful supplies of fresh fruit and vegetables.我们得到大量新鲜水果和蔬菜的供应。3.The
10、 director of the company receives an ample salary.公司的董事薪水很高。abuse, misuse不恰当地使用辨析abuse指“错误或恶劣地使用本不应该那样使用的东西(如权力、语言等)”;misuse指“对某种东西使用不当或不妥”,语气较弱。例证1. Dont abuse your authority.不要滥用权威。2. Dont misuse public funds.不要滥用公共基金。accelerate, quicken加快辨析accelerate指“事物运动、增长、进步的速率加快”。quicken强调“动作进行中活跃性,兴奋性增大”。例证
11、1 The car accelerated as it overtook me.那辆汽车一加速就超越了我。2His interest was quickened by an article he had read.他读了一篇文章便兴趣大增了。accent, dialect地方口音辨析accent指“一种特别的说话方式,通常与一个国家、地区或阶级有关”,强调的是“口音不同”。dialect指“一个国家某一地区使用的一种语言变体”,它强调“与同种语言在单词、语法或发音方面有不同之处”。例证1 He speaks English with a foreign accent.他说英语带外国腔。2 Th
12、is play is written in the Yorkshire dialect 这剧本是用约克郡方言写成的。accomplice, accessory同谋,帮凶辨析accomplice是一般词汇。accessory是法律词汇。例证1. The police arrested him and his two accomplices.警方逮捕了他和他的两个同谋。2. He was charged with being an accessory to murder.他被控为谋杀罪的从犯。accidental, fortuitous, incidental, adventitious偶然的辨析
13、accidental主要指“偶然的,无意中的”。fortuitous指“偶然发生的,多用于吉利事”。incidental指“偶然碰到的”。adventitious指“偶然的,偶发的,外来的”。例证1. He had an accidental meeting with a friend.他偶然遇到一位朋友。2. She had a fortuitous meeting with her lover.她与情人偶然相遇。accompany, attend, escort陪伴辨析accompany指“陪同前往,与人结伴,做他人同伴”。attend指“随侍,随从,陪同的对象是上级或应以礼相敬的人”。e
14、scort指“以警卫身份陪同,指礼节上的尊重或献殷勤”。例证1. The minister was accompanied by his secretary to the hospital.部长由他的秘书陪同到医院去。2. The queen was attended by her ladies-in-waiting.女王由宫廷女侍陪伴。3. The queen was escorted by the directors as she toured the factory.女王由董事们陪同参观了工厂。accumulate, amass, gather积累辨析accumulate 强调“经过一段
15、比较长的时间由少积多的积累”,使用范围较广,似乎凡是数量方面的增长都可以表示。amass 强调“大量的聚集”,常用于财富、信息、所有物等的聚集,这种积累可能一下子完成,也可能在短期内完成,也可能在比较长的时间内完成,但是数量总是很大的。Gather指“收拾一起,收集一起”。例证1However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate. 然而,随着迹象开始积聚,伦敦动物园的专家们感到有必要进行调查了。2 People tend to amass possessio
16、ns, sometimes without being aware of doing so. 人们倾向于积攒东西,有的并未意识到这样做。3. The teacher gathered the pupils round her. 老师把小学生们聚集在她周围。accurate, correct, exact, precise准确的;精确的辨析accurate强调“准确性,与事实无出,而且通过努力而使事情达到正确”。correct为一般用语,指“正确无误,符合某种标准”。 exact指“强调数量和品质的等极端准确地符合客观标准,有丝毫不差的意思”。precise指“在微小细节上高度精确地符合客观标准
17、,强调范围界限的鲜明性或细节的精密性”。例证1. Is this watch accurate? 这只表准吗?2. The description is correct in every detail. 每个细节的叙述都很准确。3. The exact date of the event has escaped me.我记不起这起事件的确切日期了。4. A lawyer needs a precise mind. 律师需要极清楚的头脑。accuse, charge控告;指控辨析accuse指 “当面指控或指责,不一定诉诸法庭”。charge指“因犯较大错误或重大罪行而进行正式法律控诉”。例证1
18、. The police accused him of stealing.警方控告他犯有盗窃罪。2. The tax collector has been charged with extorting money from several shopkeepers.收税员受到指控,罪名是向几个店主勒索钱财。achievement, accomplishment, feat成就;成绩辨析achievement指“完成一件异常危险或困难的事情,其结果是令人敬佩的,需要勇气和努力才能取得”。accomplishment 指“成就”,强调“一件事情已经做好了或已经完成了,但并不指一切完成的事,是指需要学
19、问或付出一定劳动后才能完成的事情”。feat 指“功绩”、“技艺,需要极大的勇气、智慧、力量或技术获得的成就,这一成就受人敬佩”。例证1.He made the greatest scientific achievement of the decade.他取得这十年的最伟大的科学成就。2. Dancing and singing were among her many accomplishments.她多才多艺,能歌善舞。3. Playing several chess games simultaneously while blind-folded is a remarkable feat.被
20、蒙着眼睛同时下几盘棋,这种技艺真了不起。acknowledge, admit, confess, own, recognize承认,认为辨析acknowledge 指“公开承认某件事的存在及其真实性,有时也指勉强承认一件以前不能公开的、没有被披露的或是已经遭到否认的事情、过错等”。admit指“承认,通常由于屈服外界的压力、说服、受自己良心的驱使或错误的判断力而不得不承认一件事实确凿、不可否认的事情,有时也指在争论中一方姑且让步。”confess指“正式供认自己的秘密,忏悔错误与罪行,表示谦逊和对别人的尊重”。own指“自认”。recognize指“正式承认具有某一特殊身份、地位、权利、义务、
21、事实或存在”。例证1. I acknowledge the truth of his statement. 我承认他说的是事实。2. He never admits that he is wrong.他从不承认自己错了。3.When the police questioned the man, he confessed. 警察审问这个人时,他坦白了。4. He owned the force of my argument.他承认我的论证有说服力。5.They recognized him as the lawful heir.他们承认他是合法的继承人。acquaint, inform, not
22、ify通知辨析acquaint指“使某人了解前所未知的事”。inform指“以任何方式直接告知”。notify指“官方正式通知”。例证1. The lawyer acquainted himself with the details of his clients business affairs.那位律师了解委托人生意上的详情。2.The sales manager asked his men to inform him of everything concerning the sales in time.销售部经理让他手下的人把关于销售量的情况及时报告他。3. Have the author
23、ities been notified of this? 当局是否已得知此事?acquisition, acquirement, attainment获得辨析acquisition是一般用语,指“用自己的努力和勤劳获得的东西”。特别指“物质的和外表的东西,如金钱、土地、财产等”。 acquirement “取得”、“才艺”,常指“精神上和智能上的获得物,如学问、音乐、绘画等”,以区别物质和外表的东西。attainment “学识”、“造诣”,指“较高的智商上的获得物”,侧重“使个人品性变得较为高尚的造诣”。例证1 The school has a valuable new acquisitio
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