医学论文写作五大要素.ppt

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1、GCT 英语语法,1.比较结构,2.倒装结构,3.虚拟语气,4.时态语态,5.非谓语动词,.名词性从句,第一部分:比较结构 英语中比较结构使用于形容词和副词，因为只有形容词和副词具有原级、比较级和最高级。考试中主要测试比较结构和特殊用法。,考点一：原级比较一般用 as as;not as as;the same as;特殊结构 A is to B what/as X is Y;A+倍数或几分之几 as+adj./adv.+as+B.The work is not as difficult as you think.Air is to us as water is to fish.我们与空气的关

2、系就像鱼和水的关系。This book is twice as thick as that one.,考点二：比较级常用结构 A 比较级 than+B 特殊结构：the more the more(越越)；more and more(越来越)This question is less difficult than that that question.(比较对象为彼此独立的人或事物)Iron is more useful than any other metal.(比较对象具有所属关系，含有最高级含义)The city is becoming more and more beautiful.,

3、考点三：以拉丁文-ior结尾的含有比较意义的形容词后接to 而不是than.这些词是：superior,inferior,senior,junior,major,minor,anterior,prior(在之前),posterior(在之后)He is three years senior to me.This type of computer is superior to that type.,考点四：最高级用于三者以上的事物之间的比较，所以比较的范围自然是少不了。一般表示地方用介词in;表示所属关系和人物比较用介词 of.(即the+最高级in/of)The Yangtze River i

4、s the longest river in China,but it is the third longest river in the world.The youngest member of the family is most successful.Of all forms of energy,electricity is most widely used.,考点五：在 more than 结构中，than 有时可看作关系代词，相当于than what There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting c

5、ancer than exists in the public mind today.(Than=than what)人们不应该像今天这样担心害怕患上癌症。There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of.(than=than what)天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。The medicine is more effective than is expected.,考点六：英语中有一小部分表示绝对意义的形容词没有比较级和最高级。如：dead,deaf,empty,total,whole,perfect,complet

6、e,right,wrong,equal,daily false,final absolute,alone,round,pregnant,square,supreme,unique,straight,eternal,unanimous(意见一致的),考点七：几组由“more than；more than”和“no/not 比较级”等构成的惯用句式及其含义。more than 其含义为:“不仅是，非常，十分”等，用法和意义较多。more than 其含义可以是:“与其说不如说，不是而是”What we are doing today is more than donating some money

7、.今天我们所做的不只是捐一些钱。,Their action was more than justified.他们的行动是完全有理由的。He is more brave than wise.他有勇无谋。The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammer.这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。no more than 强调少，意为“只有，不过，仅仅”not more than 客观叙述，意为“不超过”,He has no more than five dollars on him.他身上仅有5美元。(强调少)He has not

8、more than five dollars on him.他身上带的钱不超过仅有5美元。(强调数额少于5美元)no more than含有消极否定的意思，可译为“A与B都不，不 也不”not more than 含有积极、肯定的意思，表示程度上的差异。He is no more diligent than you.他不勤奋，你也不勤奋。(两人都不勤奋),He is not more diligent than you.他没有像你那样勤奋。(两人都勤奋，但你更勤奋)no less than=as much as 意为：“竟有之多，多达”强调多 not less than 意为“不少于，至少”，

9、可观地描述 no less than 前后均为肯定，含有惊奇的感情色彩。可译为：“是是，正是，和 一样，多达，应有之多”,His son has read no less than 50 English books.他的儿子竟然读了50本英文书。(强调多)His son has read not less than 50 English books.他的儿子读了不少于50本英文书。(不强调多或少)The middle-aged man was no less a person than the new minister.这位中年人正是新来的部长。Her voice is no less swe

10、et than it used to be.她的歌声和以前一样甜美。,第二部分:倒装结构 倒装结构也是英语考试中的常考语法现象，该结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。所谓全部倒装是指整个谓语部分放在主语前面；而部分倒装是指谓语的一部分(情态动词或助动词)放在主语之前。,考点一：表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首时，句子要全部倒装。这些词有：here,there,up,down,out,away,now,then,There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.In each room are ten students.每个房间里有十个

11、学生。,考点二：当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，要用部分倒装。这类词包括：not,never,neither,seldom,little,nowhere,hardly,scarcely,rarely,no longer,not until,at no time,by no means,on no account,in no case,under no circumstances,on no account,not only but also Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much.Not until he

12、came back did I leave.(注意：只能是主句的主谓倒装)On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness from his employees.,考点三：as+adj./adv.以及“to such a degree,to such an extent,to such a point.”放在句首，表示程度，句子要倒装。To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire.So diligently does he work that h

13、e often forgets to eat and sleep.,考点四：虚拟语气中，省去if 后，从句需要倒装。Had he not been promoted,he never have remained with the company.(If he had not been promoted,)Should you change your mind,no one would blame you.Were he to leave today,he would get there by Monday.Had I known what was going to happen,I would

14、 never have done such a thing.本来为If I had known what,考点五：“only+状语”放在句首时，句子需要倒装。Only by working hard can you achieve your goal.Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively.,考点六：由as 或though 引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。Patient though/as he was,he was unwilling to wait three

15、hours.他虽有耐心，但也不愿意等三个小时。Child as/though he was,he had a good command of English.他虽然是个孩子，但已经熟知英语。Try as he might,he couldnt the box.不管他想什么办法，都没法打开那个箱子。,考点七：由be 引起的倒装句表示让步，并带有虚拟语气的结构特点，即 be 用原形。The business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.(be it selling=whether in m

16、ay be selling)每天的生意，无论是售货还是运货，都进行得很顺利。Be it so humble,there is no place like home.(be it so humble=However humble it may be,)金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。,第三部分：动词的语气 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度；尽管英语中有陈述语气(indicative mood)、祈使语气(imperative mood)、虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)，但是MBA联考中考的最多的是虚拟语气。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：a.非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或

17、难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。b.与客观事实相反地情景，即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。,虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而且一般有明显得标志。具体考点如下：,考点一：if 句型(共有三种句型)1.与现在的事实相反：从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would(could,might)动词原形 If I were Bill Gates,I would not work so hard every day.,2.与过去的事实相反：从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would(could,might

18、)现在完成时 If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school,I would have got my PhD degree.3.与将来的事实相反：从句用should(were to，did)+动词原形，主句的谓语用would(could,might)动词原形 If it should/were to snow tomorrow,I would go skiing.,4.虚拟语气条件句中if的省略，此时主谓要倒装。Had he worked harder,he would have got through the exam

19、.5.条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致，(例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在)谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。If you had taken the medicine yesterday,you would feel much better now.If I were you,I wouldnt have missed the film last night.,考点二：wish 句型 表达“但愿，要是多好”的语气 wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时(如did)；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时(如had

20、 done)或情态动词的过去时+动词的现在完成时(如could have done)”形式；表示情况的虚拟时，用“情态动词的过去时形式+动词原形(如might do)。”,I wish I had been to the concert last night.I wish he would forgive me.I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.同例：在as if/as though引导的状语从句中和以 if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：He talked as if

21、 he had known Tom for a long time.He talks as if h e were the boss.他说起话来就像他是老板。,If only I were free now.(注意：if only后面可以不加主句)考点三：在强制性语气的宾语从句中，即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词+that+(should)+动词原形，其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：suggest,propose,recommend,demand,order,command,desire,require,insist,advise,decree(发布命令；下令),det

22、ermine,prefer,stipulate,move(动议，规定)，direct(命令)，maintain(坚持)，decide，ask,I suggest that you(should)not be late again next time.I prefer that you(should)not do that.我认为你还是别干那件事的好。注意一：以上动词转化为名词(如：suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preferenc

23、e,resolution,indication 等)后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“(should)+动词原形”(should可省略)。,We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.His demand is that all of us(should)be present at the meeting.注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。What he said suggested(表明)that he did not agree wit

24、h us.,考点三：It is/was+形容词/过去分词+that+(should)+动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishing,advisable(可取的，明智的),anxious,appropriate,compulsory(义务的；强制的；强迫的),crucial(至关紧要的),eager,essential,fitting,imperative(命令的，强制的，必要的),improper,natural,necessary,obligatory(

25、义不容辞的，必须的),preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willing shocked,requested,It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.It is requested that a vote be taken.有人提请投票表决。It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如

26、amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable，incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，而且翻译为“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。,It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lo

27、st child.,考点四：在 would rather，would sooner，had rather，would just as soon，would prefer 意为“宁可，但愿”。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。I would rather that you painted the room green.Id just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.考点五：Its(about/high/good)time that，表示“该是。的时候了”，含有“晚一点”的意思，表示建议现在

28、应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。,Its time you went to bed.Its high time that we took action.考点六：在lest that，for fear that，in case that 引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示“唯恐，以免”，从句用 should+动词原形。He put his coat over the child for fear(lest)that he should catch cold.He emphasized it again and again lest she(should)forget.Tak

29、e a hat with you in case the sun is very hot(注意：该句陈述某一事实),考点七：含蓄虚拟条件句 含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如：without,but for,otherwise，or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。Without your help,we couldnt have finished the work on time.But for the English examination I would have go

30、ne to the concert last night.I wouldnt have succeeded without your help.We didnt know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.,第四部分：动词时态、语态汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do,be,have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。,1、一般现在时 主要用来表

31、示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often,always,from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning.She has a brother who lives in New York.The earth goes around the sun.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.,考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the e

32、arth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when,until,after,before,as soon as,once,the moment/the minute,the day;条件：if,unless,provided.If he accepts the job,he will get more money soon.,考点三：在make sure(certain),see to it,mind,care,matter 宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般

33、将来时。So long as he works hard,I dont mind when he finishes the experiment.只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。考点四：在the more the more(越越)句型中,若主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study,the better results you will get.,2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹

34、、厌烦、埋怨等）。We are having English class.The house is being built these days.The little boy is always making trouble.,考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street.Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。Marry is leavin

35、g on Friday.,3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：考点一：for+时间段；since+时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.I have learned English for ten years.,考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately;recently,just,already,yet,up to now;till now;so far,these da

36、ys,Has it stopped raining yet?考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/年/月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years;during the last three months;for the last few centuries,through centuries;throughout history 等,考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在“It is the best(worst,most interesting)+名词 that”后面跟现在完成时。

37、This is my first time that I have visited China.This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.That is the only book that he has written.,4一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday;last week;in 1945,at that time;once;during the war;before;a few days ago;when,注意：考点

38、一：used to+do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。be/become/get used to+doing，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot.He has got used to getting up early.,考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise,5.过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。The boy was doing his homework when his father came b

39、ack from work.He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.What were you doing at nine last night?The radio was being repaired when you called me.,6.过去完成时 表 示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用(before,after,by,up till)There had been 25

40、 parks in our city up till 2000.By the end of last term we had finished the book.They finished earlier than we had expected.,考点一：用于hardly/scarcely.when;no sooner.than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No

41、 sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.（注意主谓倒装）,考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.It was 3 years since we had parted。考点三：动词hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job.I h

42、ad intended to see you but I was too busy.,7.一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow,next year,in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）,考点二：某些表示短暂性动作

43、的动词如arrive,come,go,leave,start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.考点三：“祈使句+and/or+句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.考点四：“am(is,are)going to+动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。“am(is,are)about to+动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。“am(is,are)to+动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。,They are to

44、be married in this May.8、将来进行时 表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow.明天这会我正在写作业。The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.,9、将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year,by 8 oclock this evening,by March

45、next year以及由by the time,before或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month,he will have traveled 1 000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station,the train will have left.,考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.,10.动词的语态 一般用于强调

46、受者，做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组 come true,consist of,take place,happen,become,rise,occur,belong,break out,appear,arrive,die,fall,last,exist,fail,succeed It took place before liberation.,考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义,而且常与well,quite,easily,badly等副词连用。lock(锁);wash(洗

47、);sell(卖);read(读);wear(穿);blame(责备)；ride(乘坐)；write(写)；Glass breaks easily.玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly.这车走起来很稳。The case locks easily.这箱子很好锁。The book sells well.这本书很畅销。,考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：It is said,It is reported,It is widely believed，It is expected,It is estimated,这些句子一般翻译为“据说”，“人们认为”，而“以前人们认为”则应该说：It

48、 was believed,It was thought,第五部分：非谓语动词 所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受主语人称和数的限制，但具有动词的某些特征，不仅可以接宾语，而且还有时态护和语态的变化。此外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难点，也是每年必考的语 法知识。具体表现形式有三种：1.动词不定式 to+V;2.动名词 V-ing;3.过去分词 V-ed。,三者的核心含义和区别如下：动词不定式 to+V 一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。动名词 V-ing 一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。过去分词 V-ed 一般

49、用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。(一)关于动词不定式的考点如下：,考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等 afford begin consent expect hesitate neglect prepare threaten agree bother decide fail hinder offer pretend undertake ask care demand fear intend plan refuse venture,attempt choose desire hate learn pledge resolve volun

50、teer beg claim endeavor help manage prefer start want He pledged never to come back until he had made great success.I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes.我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。,考点二：在以下情况下常使用不带(或省略)to的动词不定式：1.感官动词后面：feel,listen,hear,look at,notice,see,watch,observe,perceive I saw a man enter the shop