专题五动词和动词短语.ppt
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1、连系动词,连系动词按其所表示的意义可分为以下三种:1.变化类表事物发展变化的过程,如become,go,turn,grow,get,fall等。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就变得富有了。,He became famous as a writer.他成了著名作家。His face went red with anger.他气得满脸通红。【温馨提示】turn,go后面跟可数名词单数作表语时,要省略不定冠词a/an。但名词前有形容词修饰时,则加冠词。辨析他成了作家。He turned a writer.()He turned writer.()He
2、 turned a great writer.()He turned great writer.(),2.感官连系动词,与人感觉器官有关的词。感觉类表人体部位的感受,如feel,smell,taste,look,sound等。Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来软软的。She looks very happy.她看起来非常高兴。【温馨提示】look,feel,smell,taste,sound作连系动词时,常用主动形式表示被动含义。辨析这花闻起来很香。The flower is smelled sweet.()The flower smells sweet.(),3.状态表象类连系动
3、词状态类表事物所处的状态,如keep,come,run,remain,stand,lie,stay,prove等。He always keeps silent at meetings.他开会时总保持沉默。The weather still remained cold in April.四月的天气仍然很冷。He stayed single all his life.他打了一辈子的光棍。,【温馨提示】连系动词的作用是后接形容词或相当于形容词的结构作表语。除了少数几个(如feel,get,become,grow等)外,不用于进行时态和被动结构。辨析这种混合物味道不佳。The mixture is t
4、asted terrible.()The mixture tastes terrible.()妈妈进来时吉姆假装睡觉。Jim pretended to be falling asleep when his mother came in.()Jim pretended to fall/be asleep when his mother came in.(),Some people eat with their eyes.They prefer to order what_(look)nice.解析look为系动词,用主动形式表被动含义。句意:有些人用眼睛选择东西吃,他们喜欢点看起来好的菜。,lo
5、oks,使役动词,常见的使役动词have,make,get,let的用法:1.have/make/let sb do sth以及get sb to do sth此结构表示“让某人干某事”。The teacher had/made/let some students stay in the classroom after school.放学后老师让一些学生仍待在教室里。,2.have/make/get sth(sb)done 此结构表示“让被做”。过去分词充当宾语补足语,宾语与宾语补足语之间是被动关系。She has/gets/makes her hair cut once a month.她每
6、月理一次头发。3.have sth/sb doing sth 此结构表示“让(使)某人一直做某事”或“让(使)某物处于某种状态”。The two men had their lights burning all night long.那两个人让灯亮了一整夜。,make如果是被动语态时后面要用带to的不定式。He was made to work day and night.他被迫日夜工作。have sb doing用于否定句,表示容忍某人做某事之意,常与cant,wont等连用。I wont have you doing that again.我不允许你再那样做了。,(2011江苏,30)Yo
7、u look upset.Whats the matter?I had my proposal(turn)down again.解析句意:你看上去不高兴,怎么了?我的建议又被拒绝了。考查have sth done结构。,turned,实义动词的用法,实义动词是指具有完整意义,可以单独作谓语的动词。根据其在句中是否需要跟宾语,可分为及物动词和不及物动词;根据其所表示的动作是否具有延续性,可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。1.及物动词和不及物动词(1)能直接跟宾语的实义动词称为及物动词。及物动词后可跟单宾语、双宾语和复合宾语。He has two younger brothers.他有两个弟弟。(单
8、宾语),My parents bought me a nice backpack.我父母给我买了一个好看的背包。(双宾语)Will you show me your ticket,please?请把票给我看一下好吗?(双宾语)I find the book very interesting.我发现那本书非常有趣。(复合宾语)Dont keep your children watching TV all the time.不要让孩子一直看电视。(复合宾语),有时双宾语可变为加介词to或for的形式。I gave each of the boys an apple.I gave an apple
9、to each of the boys.我给每个男孩一个苹果。I bought her a birthday present.I bought a birthday present for her.我给她买了一份生日礼物。,(2)不能直接跟宾语的实义动词称为不及物动词。若接宾语,要加介词。例如:Dont run.Theres plenty of time.别跑。还有足够的时间。The boy smiled when he saw his mother.见到妈妈,小男孩笑了。It is impolite to laugh at others.嘲笑别人是不礼貌的。,【温馨提示】及物动词的宾语变成主
10、语该动词就要变成被动语态,但是,英语中有些动词可用其主动形式表达被动含义,可分为以下三种情况:(1)某些实义动词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义,这类动词有sell,wash,write,last,read,wear等。这种“动词副词”结构,常表示事物内部特有的属性。This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long.The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly.Written in simple English,this article reads easily.,(2)某些及物
11、动词转为不及物动词后,其主动形式表示被动意义,如open(打开,营业),close(关门),shut(关闭),cut(切割),weigh(重),act(上演)等。The door wont shut.这门关不上了。This shop opens much earlier than it used to.这家商店比以前营业更早了。Each stone weighs 2 tons.每块石头重达2吨。,(3)某些不及物动词,如happen,occur,come以及短语,如come out(出版),come up(出现),come into being(产生),come to ones mind(想起
12、),turn out(证明是),come about(发生),break out(爆发),belong to(属于)等,本身表被动含义,所以它们常用主动形式。Suddenly an idea came to his mind.突然间他想起了一个主意。It never occurred to me to phone you.我从来没有想到要给你打电话。,(1)The factory keeps up its good credit,so its products(sell)very well.解析句意:这家工厂保持着良好的信誉,因此它的产品卖得很好。sell表示主语属性,为不及物动词,无被动形式
13、。,sell,2.延续性动词和非延续性动词(1)延续性动词表示的动作可以延续,可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。例如:The boy slept until seven oclock this morning.那个男孩一直睡到今天早晨七点。She has stayed here for two hours.她在这里呆了两个小时了。,(2)非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示的动作不可以延续,是在瞬间完成的,不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。常见的有:They didnt finish their homework until 12 oclock.他们直到12点才完成家庭作业。It bega
14、n to rain at four oclock yesterday morning.昨天早晨四点开始下雨的。,【温馨提示】(1)在否定句中,非延续性动词也可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。We havent met each other for many years.我们已经很多年没有见面了。(2)非延续性动词一般不用于while引导的时间状语从句。While the family came here from Japan,they were penniless.()When the family came here from Japan,they were penniless.当这一家人从日本
15、来这里时,他们身无分文。(),10个短暂性动词开始离去,借来还,参加人死,买到家,诠释:10个动词为:begin,leave,go,borrow,come,return,join,die,buy,arrive。,翻译句子(2)他们结婚已经十年了。_(3)他参军已经三年了。_,They have been married for ten years.,He has been in the army for three years.,常见动词的固定结构,1.用于“动词sbofsth”结构的常见动词。The police accused him of overspeeding.警察指控他超速行车。,
16、(1)The neighbor may you playing your radio too loudly.解析句意:你把收音机的音量开得那么大,邻居可能会控告你的。accuse sb of sth 意为“控告某人某事”。,Accuse of,2.用于“动词 sb for sth”结构的常见动词有:,(2)The police blamed the traffic accident Jacks careless driving.解析句意:警察将那起交通事故归咎于杰克的粗心驾驶。考查搭配blame sth on sb 注意勿与blame sb for sth 混淆。,on,3.用于“动词sth
17、from(doing)sth”结构的常见动词有:The heavy rain prevented him from going out.大雨使他不能外出。You need warm clothes to protect yourself from the cold.你需要穿暖些以免着凉。She has been banned from driving for six months.她已被禁驾六个月。,stop还可用于stop doing sth“停止做某事”,stop to do sth“停下来去做某事”结构。keep还可用于keep doing sth“继续做某事”;keep sb doin
18、g sth“让某人一直做某事”结构。He never stops talking.他总是说个没完。Im sorry to keep you waiting.对不起,让你久等了。,(3)The teacher kept us(read)the whole morning and we have to stop(have)a rest now.解析句意:老师让我们读了一早晨,现在我们不得不停下来休息一下。keep sb doing让某人一直做,stop to do停下来去做某事。,reading,to have,常见近形近义动词的辨析,1.词形相近的动词辨析(1)动词adapt,adjust,ad
19、opt的用法比较。adapt意为“改编,(使)适应”,常用结构为adapt(oneself)to.或be adapted to表示“改变自己以适应”。adjust意为“调整,调节,使适合”,常用结构为adjust(oneself)to.表示“适应”。adopt意为“收养,领养;采用”。,(2)动词arouse,arise,rise,raise的用法比较。arouse及物动词意为“引起,激起;唤醒”。arise不及物动词,意为“发生,产生”。rise不及物动词,意为“上升,上涨”。raise及物动词,意为“抬高,举起,饲养,提出,筹集”。(3)动词acquire,require,request的
20、用法比较。acquire及物动词,意为“(通过努力)取得,获得,学到”,其名词形式为acquirement。require及物动词,意为“需要,命令”,其名词形式为requirement。request及物动词,意为“请求,要求”,其名词形式仍为request。,(4)动词expose,export,explode,explore的用法比较。expose意为“使暴露,使曝光,使遭受”,常用结构为expose sb/sth to表示“使暴露于或遭受;使接触”。export意为“出口,输出”。explode不及物动词,意为“爆炸”。explore意为“探索,探测”。(5)动词lay,lie的用法比
21、较。laylaidlaidlaying放,下(蛋)lielaylainlying躺lieliedliedlying说谎,(1)No further financial problem(arise),but we once couldnt make both ends meet.解析句意:没有出现进一步的财务问题,但是我们已经无法做到收支相抵。arise意为“引发,产生”,为不及物动词,用一般过去时。,arose,2.词义相近的动词辨析(1)动词see,look,watch,notice,stare的用法比较。see意为“看见,观看(电影),领会,察觉”。look不及物动词,表示看的动作。wat
22、ch意为“仔细看,观看(比赛等),注视,当心”。notice 意为“注意到”。stare表示“长久地、有意地、目不转睛地看”。(2)动词seat,sit的用法比较。seat及物动词,表示“(使)就座,可坐(多少人)”,常用结构seat sb或be seated。sit不及物动词,表示“坐”这一动作。,(3)动词win,beat,defeat的用法比较。win作为“胜利,赢”讲时,后面应接a game,a battle,a contest,a race,但不能接人;如果接人则表示“说服,赢得某人支持”。beat意为“击败,胜过”,后接对手。defeat一般意为“战胜,打败”,还可以表示“把某人难
23、住”。(4)动词cost,spend,take,pay的用法比较。cost作“花费”讲时,主语不能是人,通常是事物(包括形式主语it)。,spend意为“花费”,主语通常是人。句式:spend on sth/in doing sth take作“花费”讲时,主语可以是物,也可以是人。常用句式It takes sb some time to do sthpay意为“支付,付款”,主语一般是人,宾语是金钱也可以是人。短语pay for付,为付出代价(5)动词speak,say,talk,tell的用法比较。speak一般用作不及物动词,但speak后接语言名词时则用作及物动词。say及物动词,表示
24、“说,讲”,还可表示“(书信、便条、海报上)写着”。,talk多用作不及物动词。作“交谈,谈论”讲时,常与介词连用。tell作“告诉,讲述,吩咐”讲时,常接双宾语,但表示“讲实话,说谎,显示时间”等时,后接单宾语。(6)cure,treat和healcure“治愈,治好”,强调结果。常用短语为:cure sb of sth,意为“治愈某人病。treat“医治,治疗”,强调动作。常用短语为:treat sb for sth,意为“治疗某人病”。heal“使痊愈,治愈”,多指外伤。,(8)dress,wear,put on和have ondress sb in表示“给某人穿衣服”;dress sb
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