英汉翻译之遣词造句.ppt

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1、Diction 遣词用字,一、教学重点：1.语境在翻译中的重要性 2.英汉词字层次对等关系 3.词义的选择和引申二、教学内容：1.英汉词字层次对等关系2.英语词义辨析法3.词义的选择4.词义的引申,Warming-up activities,1.Do you know the twelve animal signs in Chinese culture?2.What are their English versions?,Map to show 十二生肖,子鼠,卯兔,When?,rat,ox,tiger,rabbit,寅虎,丑牛,辰龙,dragon,巳蛇,snake,午马,未羊,goat,Th

2、e twelve animal signs,horse,申猴,酉鸡,戌狗,亥猪,monkey,rooster,dog,boar,Idioms related to these animals,猫哭老鼠-假慈悲,牛头不对马嘴,骑虎难下,兔子不吃窝边草,shed crocodile tears,totally irrelevant,Have a wolf by the ears;in a dilemma,The fox preys farthest from home,Idioms related to these animals,车水马龙,杯弓蛇影,马到成功,endless stream of

3、horses and carriages-heavy traffic(on the street);a flow of traffic;be crowded with people and vehicles,an illusory snake in a goblet,to win success immediately upon arrival;to gain an immediate victory;to win instant success.wish you every success.,Idioms related to these animals,替罪羊,猴精猴精的,挂羊头卖狗肉,猪

4、狗不如,鸡毛蒜皮的小事儿,披着羊皮的狼,猴年马月,偷鸡摸狗,人怕出名猪怕壮,落汤鸡,痛打落水狗,替罪羊,scapegoat,披着羊皮的狼:,猴精猴精的,a wolf in sheeps skin;a wolf in the disguise of,猴年马月,canny,shrewd,donkeys years,鸡毛蒜皮,petty(or trifling)things;trifles,落汤鸡,(look like)a drowned rat,挂羊头卖狗肉,to offer to give or sell something that is inferior to what you claim

5、it to be,偷鸡摸狗,on the sly,猪狗不如,act like a brute,Idioms related to these animals,Idioms related to these animals,痛打落水狗,to beat a drowning dog：to attack someone already down in his luck,人怕出名猪怕壮,fame invites trouble for men just as fattening does for pigs,Question:,After you discussed the above phrases

6、and idiom in both languages,what differences did you find in the two cultures mentioned?What proper words should be used in the target language?,Diction:,the proper choice of words and phrases in the process of translation to fix their context.,.Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Lev

7、el 英汉词字层次对等关系,1、Word-for-Word CorrespondenceMarxism=马克思主义Aspirin=阿斯匹林激光=laser 白血病=leukemia2、One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaningwife:妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人人:human being,man,people,person.,.Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次对等关系,3、One Word with Several

8、Equivalents of Different Meaningscousin:堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿president：总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长羊：sheep,goat,ram,ewe,lamb,.Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次对等关系,4、Equivalents Interwoven with One Another,.Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次

9、对等关系,5、Words without Equivalentsteenager:13 至19 岁的青少年clock-watcher:老是看钟等下班的人阴:yin(in Chinese thought)the soft,inactive,female principle or force in the world Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族文房四宝：the four treasures of the study(writing brush,ink-stick,ink-stone and paper)乌纱帽：an official post糖葫芦：Tanghu

10、lu,a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of childrens favorite food in winter,.Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法,1、Judging from the Word Formation parabiosphericpara-(outside)+bio-(biologic)+spheric(having the form of a sphere)外生物层的pneumonoultramic

11、roscopicsilicovolcanoconiosispneumono(of lung)+ultra(beyond)+micro(very small)+scopic(of viewing or observing)+silico(of silicon)+volcano(of volcano)+coni(koni,of dust)+osis(forming the name of a disease)硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病,.Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法,2、Judging

12、from the Referencesthird person pronouns;indefinite pronouns：some,any,each,both;definite pronouns：much,many,few,little,etc.He(father)sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔莽。,.Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析

13、法,2、Judging from the References2)demonstrative pronouns:this,that,these,those;demonstrative adverbs:here,there,now,then,etc.Health is above wealth,for this cannot give so much happiness as that.健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人那么多幸福。,.Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法,2、

14、Judging from the References3)references of comparison I hate blue shirts;white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable.我讨厌穿蓝衬衫，喜欢穿白衬衫，而最喜欢穿灰衬衫.,.Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法,3、Judging from the Context and CollocationHis plane developed engine troub

15、le only seven miles after takeoff.(发生故障)Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft.(产生升力)Inspired by these ideas,in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod.(研制避雷针)A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scie

16、ntist from observations.(得出论断)Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed.(培育新品种)Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.(开采矿床),.Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法,4、Judging from Diffe

17、rent Branches of Learning and Specialties“base“:“词根”in lexicology“本金”in business“底涂”in painting“基线”in survey“根据地”in military scienceThe lathe should be set on a firm base.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。(机械)AB is the base of the triangle ABC.AB线是三角形 ABC的底边。(数学)He is on the second base.他在二垒。（体育）,一词多类：一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同

18、的意义。一词多义：同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手：1.根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义Like charges repel;unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。Like knows like.英雄识英雄。（名词）,.Diction 词义的选择,.Diction 词义的选择,2.根据上下文以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义He is always the first to come and last man to leave.他总是最先来，最后走。He is the last man to d

19、o it.他绝对不会干那件事。He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。He should be the last(man)to blame.怎么也不该怪他。This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。,soft music soft woodsoft hatsoft answersoft heartsoft firesoft wordssoft drinksoft lightsoft goodssoft cushionsoft breeze,轻柔的

20、音乐软木呢帽委婉的回答易感动的心文火和蔼的话不含酒精的饮料柔和的灯光毛织品靠垫和风,.Diction 词义的选择,light musiclight losslight steplight heartlight carlight outfitlight worklight mannerlight voice,轻音乐轻微的损失轻快的脚步轻松的心情轻便的轿车轻巧的装备轻松的工作轻浮的举止轻柔的声音,.Diction 词义的选择,将词义作抽象化的引伸1、将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the ch

21、aracter of the imperialists.帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。这里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有苦和甜。这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。,.词义的引申,2、将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous,the news for the next

22、 four weeks was never distinct.在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。see-sawing是从see-saw（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作“玩跷跷板”解，这里根据上下文引伸为“两种情况不断地交替出现”。,将词义作具体化的引伸 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev,Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the Presidents K

23、remlin apartment,prepared to accept a setback on SALT.在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。Vietnam was his entree to the new Administration,his third incarnation as foreign policy consultant.越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。,.词义的引申,It was a girl with good manners.？These were

24、all labeled as good eggs.？Dogs are often regarded as mans good friends.？She is a good Christian,a good parent,a good wife,a good daughter and a good teacher.？,Time to Practice,It was a girl with good manners.这是一位举止得体的姑娘。These were all labeled as good eggs.这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。Dogs are often regarded as mans

25、good friends.狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。She is a good Christian,a good parent,a good wife,a good daughter and a good teacher.她是一个虔诚的基督徒，一个慈爱的母亲，一个贤良的妻子，一个孝顺的女儿，一个合格的教师。,Time to Practice,老战士 老领导 老师傅 老闰女老黄牛(比喻勤勤恳恳做事而又不计名利的人)老芹菜老皇历老生常谈老捣乱,a veteran a senior leader a master craftsman the youngest daughter a willing

26、 ox(diligent and conscientious person)overgrown celery obsolete practice commonplacealways make trouble,申请书报告书协议书 成绩通知书(使用)说明书成交确认书 电视机使用说明书白皮书家书,Letter of Application Report Agreement Grade Report Directions Sales Confirmation Television Operation Guide White Book a Letter from Home,密码口水救火洗牌大片早恋青春痘

27、方便面隐形眼镜流动资金买一赠一,*secret code*mouth water*to save a fire*to wash the playing cards*big movie*early love*youth spot*convenient noodles*invisible glasses*circulating funds*buy one,present one,passwordsaliva slav to fight a fireto shuffle the playing cardsblockbusterpuppy loveacneinstant noodlescontact

28、lensesworking capitalbuy one and get one free,酸奶绿豆食言戴绿帽黄色书籍,*sour milk(酸牛奶)*green bean（四季豆）*to eat ones words(承认自己说错话)*have/wear a green bonnet*yellow book,yoghurtmung beanbreak ones promise/wordbe a cuckolddirty/adult book,炉子着得很旺。The fire is burning briskly in the stove.她着凉了。She has caught cold.上不着

29、天，下不着地。Be suspended in mid air.你猜着了。Youve guessed right.老李躺下就着了。Lao Li fell asleep as soon as he lay down.他走错了一着。He has made a false move.(or:taken a wrong step)这些孩子穿着整齐。These children are all neatly dressed.,学习知识 学习技术 学习外语 学习成绩 学习别人的长处 互相学习 以雷锋为学习的榜样 他的英语水平比我高 把军政素质搞到一个 新水平 各级领导干部必须高 领导水平,acquire k

30、nowledge master a skill study a foreign language academic records emulate others strong points learn from each other follow the example of Lei Feng He knows more English than I do.Raise the military and political quality to a new height Leaders of various ranks must improve their art of leadership.,

31、V.Techniques of Translating a Given English Word,1.Deduction:to deduce the original meaning in the light of the explanation of an English dictionary.Eg:boomer-a person born in the markedrise in birthrate 生育高峰期出生的人win-win-beneficial to all in some way 双赢,2.Transplant:to translate the ingredients of a

32、 given English word literally and then combine each part of them.Eg:bandwidth 带宽 blue tooth 蓝牙 microwave 微波 supermarket 超市 splashdown 溅落 white-collar 白领,3.Extension：the extension of meaning may be either from the specific to the general or from the concrete to the abstract,and vice versa.Eg:bottlene

33、ck 瓶颈 交通峡口 阻塞(from the concrete to the abstract)ecstasy(an illegal drug)入迷 摇头丸(from the abstract to the concrete),4.Substitution:to replace the words of the original expression with Chinese synonyms or idioms according to different situations.Eg:to kill sb.as an example 杀一儆百 或杀鸡给猴看 Please withhold t

34、he handout.请不要发这些材料。The same is not true with a mortal illness.如果是得了绝症，情况就不一样了。,5.Explanation:this technique is commonly used when there is no corresponding Chinese expression and all the above-mentioned techniques fail to make sense.mindlessness 思想上的混沌状态redshirt 红色运动员/出色的美国大学生运动员togetherness（家庭或社会的

35、）和睦相处,6.Combination：to integrate two words of close meaning into one expression.Eg:so subtle and careful an observer 一位如此精细的观察者 a grim and tragic Christmas 一个惨淡的圣诞节 his mendacity and dishonesty 他的狡诈,7.Transliteration:is used in dealing with proper nouns(especially the names of people and places,trad

36、emarks,etc.).Besides,it is used in coinage when no existing Chinese expression is available.Eg:bungee 蹦极 calorie 卡路里 clone 克隆 hacker 黑客 Wall Street 华尔街 quinine 奎宁 euro 欧元,8.Pictographic Translation：English words are translated according to their actual shapes.Eg:H-beam 工字梁 o-ring 环形圈 U-steel 槽钢 V-belt 三角皮带,Assignment 1,All other things aboveAre liberty and love;Life would I gladly tenderFor love;yet joyfullyWould love itself surrenderFor liberty.,See you next time!,