句子成分和句子结构.ppt

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1、句子成分与基本句型,英语入门基础,什么是句子？,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？！,I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!,现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。,句子包括哪些成分？,主语：主语是在句子中

2、说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首,The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.,主语,谓语：,谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成,They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.,表语：,表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定

3、式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面,I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.,宾语,宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后,She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.,宾语补

4、足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。,The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.,宾语补足语,状语,状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也

5、可由从句来充当,He did it carefully.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.,定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country;America is a

6、 developed country.（分词）There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短

7、语）,句子成分的特点和功能,1.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词、数词和主语从句充当。,They are students.The sun rises in the east.太阳在东方升起。To see is to believe.眼见为实。,1.说明主语的动作、状态和特征，一般放 在主语的后面2.常用动词或动词词组充当,We study English.He is asleep.You may go now.,1.是动作行为的对象或承受者,放在及物动词或介词之后(动宾&介宾）2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代

8、词和数词充当,I like China.We study English.I play with him.,位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。,They are students.He is asleep.他睡着了。To see is to believe.,句子成分的特点和功能,修饰限定名词或代词，说明该名词或代词的状态、品质、数量等。,用来修饰动词、形容词和副词等的，表示事情发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、程度等等,The little boy needs a blue pen.(形容词)Two boys n

9、eed two pens.（数词）His name is Tom.（物主代词）The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.（介词短语）The boy sitting under the tree is Tom.（分词短语）,He runs quickly.他跑地很快。She is very beautiful.她非常漂亮。I will go there tomorrow.He works in this factory.,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一：

10、（主谓）二：（主系表）三：（主谓宾）四：（主谓间宾直宾）五：（主谓宾宾补）,（不及物动词）,1.The sunrose.2.Who cares?3.What he said does not matter.4.They talked for half an hour.5.The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,（主谓宾）构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them，us，her等（及物动词）1.Who knows the answer?谁知道答案？

11、2.He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。3.He said Good morning.他说：早上好！“4.I recognized him.我认出他了。此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,（主谓间宾直宾）（及物）（多指人）（多指物）1.He brought you a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。2.I told him the story 我告诉他这个故事。有些及物动词可以有两个宾语eg：give/pass/bring/show/buy/te

12、ach。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。,（主系表）（是系动词）1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。3.Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了。4.His face turned red.他的脸红了。,系动词分两类：be,look,keep,seem等，表情况；get,grow,become,turn等属另一类，表变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词多可用

13、作连系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻,S+V+O+C（主+动+宾+宾补）（及物）（宾语）（宾补）The war|made|him|a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.New methods|make|the job|easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.I|often find|him|at work.我经常发现他在工作.I|saw|a cat|running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.,此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，

14、必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。类似动词有call make find think keep see等等。,宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。,划分句子成分练习一(一)指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

15、To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,(二)选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will

16、be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon,(三)挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the s

17、chool want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,(四)挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it.,(五)挑出下列句中的定语 They use

18、 Mr,Mrs with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in

19、the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.,(七)挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was travelling t

20、oo fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.,巩固练习：,1她昨天回家很晚。2每天八时开始上课。,2.Classes begin at eight every day.,1.She went home very late yesterday evening.,巩固练习：,3昨晚我写了一封信。4他们成功地完成了计划。5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。,I wrote a letter last night.,They have carried out the plan successfully.,That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.,谢谢,