《高材专业英语》PPT课件.ppt

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1、高分子材料工程专业英语,材料科学与工程系崔秀国 教授,主要内容及要求,主要内容:PART A:Unit 1-Unit 10阶段复习期中考试,闭卷，考核专业英语词汇掌握情况PART B(部分),PART C(部分)总复习(重点:专业词汇,典型句型翻译,快速阅读英译汉)期末：专业英语翻译能力考察要求:考勤 10%,根据学校规定:旷课3次以上,取消考试资格;课堂测验及作业20%,期中考试40%,期末翻译30%.,Words and ExpressionsClean,完全的，彻底的；sharply,明显地，精明地，敏锐地，突然地，急剧地Increasingly,越来越。，Striking,显著的，引人

2、注目的，with respect to 关于，就。而论Thereafter，此后Distort，畸变，扭变，变形。Consistency,浓度，密度，稠度，一致性，坚固性。Assume,呈。形式，面貌Peculiarity,独特性，特色，特质，特殊的东西，怪癖。issue from,由。产生，由。得出。Adventitious dventiSs,外来的，偶然的，abstract,分离，转移profound,意义深远的，深刻的，notably，显著的，著名的，这个句型很有用 just as it is not necessary for to be,it is also not necessar

3、y for to be 正如。不一定是。一样，。也不一定是。The moment,一。就。,Unit 1 What are Polymers?,Sodium chloride,氯化钠，potassium sulfate,硫酸钾；sulfuric acid,硫酸Settle，使（液体）澄清，沉淀,沉降Precipitate,使沉淀，使凝结Precipitant，沉淀剂Stir,搅拌Saturation,饱和-Unsaturation,不饱和Dissolution,n,溶解-Dissolve,vt,溶解Viscous,a,粘稠的-Viscosity,粘度(性),Polymer,聚合物,高聚物Mac

4、romolecule,大分子,高分子Molecule,分子-Atom,原子Molecular Weight,分子量Monomer,单体Repeat Unit,重复单元-Monomer unit,单体单元Synthetic,合成的,如Synthetic RubberSynthesis,n,合成-Syntheses,vt,合成,Plastics,塑料-Rubber,橡胶-Fiber,纤维Adhesive,黏合剂-Paints,涂料Polybutadiene,聚丁二烯Polyvinyl alcohol,聚乙烯醇Polyvinyl chloride,聚氯乙烯Polyester,聚酯Polystyren

5、e,聚苯乙烯Polypropylene,聚丙烯Polyethylene,聚乙烯Polyamide,聚酰胺Thermoplastics,热塑性塑料Thermosetting resin,热固性树脂Elastomers,弹性体Thermoelastomers,热塑性弹性体,Segment,链段Backbone,主链，骨架(脊骨,脊柱)/skeleton,骨骼,骨架（建筑）,骷髅Skeleton atom(structure),骨架原子（结构）substituent,substituted group,取代基side（pendant,lateral）group,侧基/end group,端基Side

6、 chain,侧链，支链Side reaction,副反应Linear polymers,线型高分子/Nonlinear polymers,非线型高分子Branched polymers,支化高分子Crosslinked polymers,交联高分子Stars and dendrimers,星型高分子及树枝状高分子Ladder polymers,梯型高分子Cyclolinear polymers,线型环聚合物/Cyclomatrix polymer,体型聚合物,Homopolymers and copolymers,均聚物和共聚物Block copolymers,嵌段共聚物Random cop

7、olymers,无规共聚物Alternating copolymers,交替共聚物Terpolymers,三元共聚物Graft copolymers,接枝共聚物Telechelic polymers,远鳌聚合物，遥爪聚合物Mono-telechelic polymer,单遥爪聚合物Di-telechelic polymer,双遥爪聚合物Amorphous polymers,无定形高分子/Crystalline polymers,结晶高分子,New Materials Plastics,课堂作业:Branched polymers(学号尾数单)A branched polymer can be

8、visualized(设想，想象)as a liner polymer with branches of the same basic structure as the main chain.Branched polymer are often soluble in the same solvents as the corresponding linear polymer.(学号尾数双)In fact,they resemble（像，类似）linear polymers in many of their properties.However,they can sometimes be dist

9、inguished from linear polymers by their lower tendency to crystallize or by their different solution viscosity or light-scattering behavior.Heavily branched polymers may swell in certain liquids without dissolving completely.,Unit 1 Exercises1 translate the following into ChineseNot all polymers are

10、 built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit.At the other extreme,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acid repeated unit are bonded together.Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case,it is less useful,since an amino acid unit might be a

11、ny one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins.In this case the molecular weight itself,rather than the degree of polymerization,is generally used to describe molecule.When the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemis

12、ts and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由单一种类的重复单元键接构成。另一个极端情况是，蛋白子分子是n个氨基酸重复单元键和在一起的聚酰胺。虽然在这种情况下，我们仍可称n为聚合度，但已没什么意义，因为一个氨基酸可以是蛋白质中20多种分子中的任何一个。在这种情况下，通常用来描述分子的是分子量本身，而不是聚合度。当各种氨基酸的实际含量已知，对生物化学家和生物学家来说尤其感兴趣的是他们的序列。,2 give a definition for each following wordMolecule monomer polymer分子 The smallest par

13、ticle into which an element or a compound can be divided without changing its chemical and physical properties;a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces单体 A molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer聚合物 Any of numerous natural and synthetic compounds of usually

14、 high molecular weight consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units,each a relatively light and simple molecule.3 put the following words into ChineseStructure data equation pressure liquid laboratory solid molecule temperature measurement compound electrical 结构 数据 方程 压力 液体 实验室 固体 分子 温度 测量法

15、 化合物 电的4 put the following words into English科学 技术 化学 物理 气体 原子 性质 试验 增加 减少 混合物Science,technology,chemistry,physics,gas,atom,property,experiment,increase,decrease,mixture,高分子材料专业英语2,材料科学与工程系崔秀国,Unit 2 Chain Polymerization,Words and ExpressionsOlefin,烯烃；olefinic,烯烃的，unsaturated,不饱和的Eliminate,消除，打开，除去，

16、淘汰；elimination,淘汰，打开，除去，名词；Double bond,双键 initialiniSl,形容词，最初的，开始的。名词：首字母，特大的大写字母。Initiator,引发剂。Radical,自由基；ion,离子，ionic，离子的，ionic polymer，离子聚合物，ionomer，离聚体，Active state，活性中心,Transfer from to 从。转移到。Chain reaction,连锁反应Oneafter the other 一个接一个。Terminate,终止 Lie in 处于，落在，在于Interpret，解释，把。理解为，把。看作。Chlori

17、ne-hydrogen,氯气-氢气反应；Decomposition of phosgene，光气（碳酰氯）的分,The initiation reaction，引发反应，初始反应，Activation,活化（作用），活化过程Bring about,引起，产生，导致Irradiation,辐射，照射。ultrasonics,超声波Imply,暗指，含有。的意思 regard,把。看作。from a superficial point of view,从表面上看Even though=even if,即使，纵然In the strictest sense,严格地讲 In addition to 除

18、了。之外，在。起重要作用,PolymerizationCondensation(step reactions),缩合聚合（逐步反应）Addition reactions,加成反应（加成聚合）Chain polymerization,链式聚合反应Ring-opening polymerizations，开环聚合Free-radical polymerization,自由基聚合Ionic polymerization,离子型聚合Emulsion polymerization,乳液聚合Microemulsion polymerization,微乳液聚合Suspension polymerizatio

19、n,悬浮聚合Solution polymerization,溶液聚合Precipitation polymerization,沉淀聚合Seed polymerization,种子聚合,课后作业:,Page10,EXERCISES全文翻译READING MATERIALS,高分子材料与工程专业英语3,材料科学与工程系崔秀国,自由基聚合相关的词汇归纳,Radical chain polymerizationRadical,自由基/Initiator,引发剂/Unsaturated monomer,不饱和单体Organic peroxide,有机过氧化物/hydroperoxide,过氧化氢Redo

20、x agent,氧化还原试剂Azo compounds,偶氮化合物Organometallic reagents,有机金属Irradiation,光辐射，紫外光照射High energy radiation,高能辐射Homolytic dissociation,均裂Chain initiation,链引发反应/chain propagation,链增长反应Steady-state assumption,稳态假设Rate of polymerization,聚合速率Chaintransfer,链转移/chain termination，链终止反应Combination,偶合（终止），结合Disp

21、roportionation,歧化（终止）,英文数学公式的读法,UNIT 3 Step-Growth Polymerization,缩合聚合词汇归纳:CondensationDimmer,二聚体，trimer，三聚体，tetramer，四聚体，pentamer，五聚体，Hexamer，六聚体。Heptamer,七聚体，Oligomer,低聚物，低聚体 Ester,酯/esterification,酯化反应/polyester,聚酯Amide,酰胺/amidation,酰胺化（作用）/polyamide,聚酰胺Polyurethane,聚氨酯，弹性体isocyanate，异氰酸酯。iso-，异，

22、等位，如，isoelectric point，等电离点。Isobutylene，异丁烯。Cyanate,氰酸盐，氰酸酯。Cyanide,氰化物，如potassium cyanate,氰化钾。Monofunctional,单官能度的/difunctional,两官能团的Polyfunctional,多官能团的，多官能度的Hydroxyl group,羟基/Carboxyl group,羧基Diamine，二元胺/diol,二元醇/triol,三元醇/polyol,多元醇dibasic,二元的/diacid,二元酸/amino acid，氨基酸stoichiometric balance，化学计量

23、平衡/conversion,转化率/yield,产率The average degree polymerization,平均聚合度,Words and Expressions,Synthesize,v,合成，synthesis,n,合成Step-growth polymerization,逐步聚合反应Ester,n,酯，esterification,酯化反应，polyester,聚酯。amide,n,酰胺，amidation,酰胺化反应，polyamide,聚酰胺，尼龙Urethane,=ethyl carbamate,尿烷，氨基甲酸乙酯，NH2CO2C2H5Polyurethane,聚氨酯，

24、弹性体。Aromatic,芳香族的，aromatics，芳香族化合物，香料，芳香剂。aroma,香味，aromatic acid,芳香酸Substitution取代，取代反应。Substitute，v，取代Hydroxyl，羟基，hydro-，氢化的，氢的，水的；-oxyl，氧基，如methoxyl，甲氧基。carboxyl，羧基，carbo-，碳，羰isocyanate，异氰酸酯。iso-，异，等位，如，isoelectric point，等电离点。Isobutylene，异丁烯。Cyanate,氰酸盐，氰酸酯。Cyanide,氰化物，如potassium cyanate,氰化钾。,Fall

25、 into,归入，可分为。，Depending on,根据。Poly-多，polyfunctional,多官能团的，多官能度的，In a general manner,一般来说Whether.or.,无论是。还是。，或者。或者。，不是。就是。Matrix,子宫，矩阵，模型，发源地，基质，母质Collide,猛撞，冲突，抵触By（后in）virtue of。依靠，借助于。net,基本的，最后的Be identical in to,在。方面和。是相同的。Identicalaidentikl,a,同一的，完全相同的，相等的，有同一原因（来源）的，Identical twins,同卵双胞胎，ident

26、ical equation,恒等式Render,使得。，使变为。Inactive,失活Upset,打乱，搅乱,课堂作业,Branched polymersA branched polymer can be visualized(设想，想象)as a liner polymer with branches of the same basic structure as the main chain.Branched polymer are often soluble in the same solvents as the corresponding linear polymer.(学号尾数为奇数的

27、同学)In fact,they resemble（像，类似）linear polymers in many of their properties.However,they can sometimes be distinguished from linear polymers by their lower tendency to crystallize or by their different solution viscosity or light-scattering behavior.Heavily branched polymers may swell in certain liqui

28、ds without dissolving completely.(学号尾数为偶数的同学),高分子材料与工程专业英语-4,材料科学与工程系崔秀国,Unit 4 Ionic Polymerization,Ion,离子/ionic,离子的/nonionic,非离子的cation,正（阳）离子/cationic,正（阳）离子的Anion,负（阴）离子/anionic,负（阴）离子的Positive,正的,阳（性）的/Neutral,中性的/negative,负的,(阴)性的Reactivity ratio,竞聚率Tetrahydrofuran,四氢呋喃Alkali metal,碱金属/Phenyl

29、sodium,苯基钠Isobutylene,异丁烯/isoprene,异戊二烯Allyl,烯丙基Stereoregular,立构规整性的Intermediate,中间产物，中间体Electrophilic substitution,亲电取代/nucleophilic substitution,亲核取代Proton,质子/protic acid,质子酸Aliphatic compound,脂肪族化合物/Aromatic compound,芳香组化合物Coordinative polymerization,配位(离子)聚合,Unit 4 Ionic Polymerization,Compulsor

30、y,a,强迫的，强制的，义务的，必修的Give rise to引起，导致，产生，使。发生。So call.所谓In the presence of。在。存在的情况下，Trace,微量，痕量Describeas 把。说成。Prominence,杰出，声望，卓越，突出，显著。Modification,改性,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,Prime,最初的，基本的，首要的，首位的，最好的，第一流的Be associated with,与。有关Uniquely,唯一地，独一无二地，独特地，无可匹敌地Consequen

31、ce,n,结果，后果，重要性，重大，推断，举足轻重Level off达到平衡，变平缓，趋缓In most instances,在大多数情况下Optimum，optima的复数，最适条件，最适度，最适合的Be essential for,对。是必需的,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,Speak of，谈到。Differ from，与。不同，或不一致。Polydisperse,多分散性的Heterogeneous,不均匀的，非均相的，Free from,没有。，无。Contaminant,污物Impurity,杂质

32、In the usually accepted sense，在能被人们广泛接受的意义上Lie in，在于。Statistical,统计的Variation，n，变化，改变In order to,为了。,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,Colligative property,依数性；Light scattering,光散射/Viscosity,粘度法/Ultracentrifugation,超速离心分离Sedimentation,沉降法biase,斜线，倾向性，偏向。Be biased toward,有。偏向，

33、偏于。A variety of,各种各样的Fractionation,分级Solubility,溶解性/Permeability,渗透性,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,Reading MaterialsDistillation,蒸馏Extract,v，萃取，extraction,萃取Secondary valence force,次（化合）价力Hold to 坚持，紧握Precipitate，沉淀Come out，长出，（花）开，由。产生，由。出来，结果是，显现，（污点）被去掉，（颜色）被褪去，（题目）被解出

34、，（商品）被展出，被供应，（总数）计，总计Swell，溶胀，gel，凝胶，溶胶，sol，溶胶-凝胶法，sol-gelToluence，甲苯Methanol，甲醇,Unit 5.Reading Materials,Miscible,可混溶的，miscibility，相溶性（分子层面上的混溶）compatible,相容的，Compatibility,相容性（相层面上的混溶）Hydrolytic,水解的，Degradation,降解反应。Polysaccharide,多糖，聚糖Uniform,（尺寸、大小，形状等）均一的distribution,分布Emulsify,乳化，Protective co

35、lloid,保护胶体。,Unit 5.Reading Materials,Dispersion,分散相，分散体系Emulsion polymerization,乳液聚合Coagulate,凝结Electrolyte,电解质Mill,研磨机。Spray,喷雾Cellulose,纤维素/Lignin，木质素/Pectin，果胶/Flax，亚麻纤维Isolate,隔离，析出，绝缘Propopectin,原果胶/Protocellulose,原纤维素Bring about,带来，造成Pulp，浆状物，wood pulp,木浆Sulfite，亚硫酸盐,Unit 5.Reading Materials,R

36、esidue,残余物Stir,移动，摇动，搅拌，激动Vessel,容器Granule,颗粒，细粒Renew,修复，重复，更新Zone,区，带，层Dialysis,渗析Registration,（仪器）记录，读数Together with,和，加之，连同,课后作业,下周一交,P24,2,3.P31,Reading Materials,全文翻译.,The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.Prime,最初的，基本的，首要的，首位的，最好的，第一流的,Unit 5

37、 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,对聚合物的合成和应用而言，聚合物的分子量是最重要的。,The interesting and useful mechanical properties which are uniquely associated with polymeric materials are a consequence of their high molecular weight.,令人感兴趣的和具有使用价值的力学性能与高分子材料存在的唯一的相关性，而这些性能是聚合物的高分子量带来的。聚合物材料的高分子量带来了令人

38、感兴趣的和具有利用价值的力学性能。,Most important mechanical properties depend on and vary considerably with molecular weight.,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,最重要的力学性能取决于分子量，而且随着分子量变化而发生很大的变化。,Thus strength of polymers does not begin to develop until a minimum molecular weight of about 5000

39、-10000 is achieved.,因此，直到最小的分子量增大到5000到10000以后，聚合物的强度才开始显现出来。,Above that size,there is a rapid increase in the mechanical performance of polymers as their molecular weight increases;the effect levels off at still higher molecular weights.Level off达到平衡，变平缓，趋缓,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distribut

40、ions of Polymers,分子量大于这个值的时候，随着分子量的增加，聚合物的机械性能快速增加;达到更高的分子量的时候，这种效应才变平缓。,In most instances,there is some molecular weight range in which a given polymer property will be optimum for a particular application.In most instances,在大多数情况下Optimum，optima的复数，最适条件，最适度，最适合的,在大多数情况下，对于某种特定的应用来说，某种聚合物存在着某一个分子量范围

41、。,The control of molecular weight is essential for the practical application of a polymerization process.Be essential for,对。是必需的,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,聚合物分子量的控制对聚合过程的实际应用而言是必需的。对实际的聚合过程而言，必须控制聚合物的分子量。,When one speaks of the molecular weight of a polymer,one means

42、something quite different from that which applies to small-sized compounds.Speak of，谈到。,当人们谈到聚合物分子量的时候，就意味着与小分子化合物完全不同的概念。,Polymers differ from the small-sized compounds in that they are polydisperse or heterogeneous in molecular weight.Differ from，与。不同，或不一致。Polydisperse,多分散性的Heterogeneous,不均匀的，非均相的

43、，,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,聚合物与小分子量化合物的不同在于聚合物的分子量是多分散性的或不均匀的。,Even if a polymer is synthesized free from contaminants and impurities,it is still not a pure substance in the usually accepted sense.Free from,没有。，无。Contaminant,污物Impurity,杂质In the usually accepted sense

44、，在能被人们广泛接受的意义上,即使聚合物在没有污物和杂质的情况下被合成，在人们广泛接受的意义上，它仍然不是纯物质。,Polymers,in their purest form,are mixture of molecules of different molecular weights.,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,最纯净的聚合物是具有不同分子量的分子的混合物。,The reason for the polydispersity of polymers lies in the statistical var

45、iations present in the polymerization processes.Lie in，在于。Statistical,统计的Variation vrieiSn,n，变化，改变,聚合物多分散性在于聚合过程中展现的统计变化。,When one discusses the molecular weight of a polymer,one is actually involved with its average molecular weight.,当我们讨论聚合物的分子量，准确的含义是平均分子量。,Both the average molecular weight and t

46、he exact distribution of different molecular weights within a polymer are required in order to fully characterize it.In order to,为了。,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,为了充分地表征聚合物，不仅要求平均分子量，而且也要求聚合物内不同分子量的确切的分布情况。,The control of molecular weight and molecular weight distributio

47、n(MWD)is often used to obtain and improve certain desired physical properties in a polymer product.,为了获得和改善聚合物产品的某些理想的物理性质，我们经常需要控制分子量和分子量分布。,Various methods are available for the experimental measurement of the average molecular weight of a polymer sample.,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributi

48、ons of Polymers,在聚合物样品平均分子量的实验测试中有许多方法可以利用。,These include methods based on colligative properties,light scattering,viscosity,ultracentrifugation,and sedimentation.Colligative property,依数性；Light scattering,光散射Viscosity,粘度法Ultracentrifugation,超速离心分离Sedimentation,沉降法,这些方法基于依数性，光散射，粘度法，超速离心分离，沉降法。,The v

49、arious methods do not yield the same average molecular weight.,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,不同的方法得到不同的平均分子量。,Different average molecular weights are obtained because the properties being measured are biased differently toward the different sized polymer molecules in a po

50、lymer sample.biase bais,斜线，倾向性，偏向Be biased toward。,有。偏向，偏于。,得到不同的平均分子量，是因为所测得的性质对样品中不同尺寸的聚合物分子有不同的偏差（倾向性）。,Some methods are biased toward the larger sized polymer molecules,while other methods are biased toward the smaller sized molecules.,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers,一些