《预制语块研究》PPT课件.ppt
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1、预制语块研究,ready-made memorizedcombinations,Prefabricated chunks,Which is a chunk?,(1).“That is lie”“Its the truth”,said she.“Its a dirty rotten strinking lousy bloody low filthy two faced lie”.(2)Funken Hell man,who the hell told you I liked doing this kind of shit!(3)Are you absolutely sure?,What do y
2、ou mean?,(1)搞完了?(2)有热水没有?,Which is right?,闲人免进Idlers dont enterPersonnel onlyStaff onlyAuthorized personnel only,爱护草坪 请勿踏入Care of the grass,do not enterKeep off the grass请勿酒后驾车Dont drive drunkenly,Do not drive drunk请勿疲劳驾驶Dont drive tiredlyTiredness kills,鼓励社会力量办学social force?encourage non-government
3、 sectors to run schools,社会实践活动Social practice activity Field practice Off-campus practice Extracurricular activities,教育乱收费配套设施(措施)不搞劳民伤财的“形象工程”,Unauthorized collection of feesSupporting facilities(measures)Refrain from building“vanity projects”that waste both money and manpower,definition,所谓预制语块或语块是
4、指以整体形式学到并保存在长期记忆中的范例(exemplar)。近年来计算机技术对自然话语的分析结果表明,交际语言中,只有少部分自然话语是通过单词或固定词组的使用来实现的,大部分(70%)是由处于两者之间的半固定板块结构来实现的。通过对儿童词汇习得的研究,Nattinger和DeCarrio也证明了在预定的社会环境中,儿童使用大量未经分析的语块,即预制语块。例如,儿童不是把What is that 当成三个词素,而是把它当成一个单词,What-is-that 一个不可分割的单位使用。他们还常常使用this-is-mine,give-me,go-on,I-want-to-go.,国内外的相关研究,
5、最早对语块进行研究的是(Becker,1975),他认为人类语言交际的最小单位不是单词,而是固定和半固定的模式化的语块结构。语言的记忆、存储、输出和使用都是以语块结构为单位进行的。,Semi-fixed Chunks,1.they are more or less variable;e.g.a_ ago;I see your point but 2.prefabricated nature3.associated with particular pragmatic function 4.analyzable,segmentable,productive and generative.,Idio
6、ms,Idioms are fully non-compositional,non-productive collocations and truly frozen pieces of language Eg.raining cats and dogs.,Collocations,Collocations,with the definition of closely structured groups whose parts frequently or uniquely occur together have the natures of compositeness semantic opac
7、ity(the meaning of the idiom is not the sum of its constituents)(Fernando,1996)eg.rancid butter They have not been assigned particular pragmatic functions by pragmatic competence,Lewis的研究成果,Lewis认为,英语词汇是许许多多语块的集合,它们分布在一个具有生命力的连续体上,这个连续体描述的是词汇“创新话语能力”,他将语块分为(1)单词和短语;(2)搭配;(3)惯用话语;(4)句子框架和引语。在他看来,语言不是
8、词汇化的语法,而是语法化的词汇。句子是不同的语块组合形式,语篇是不同的句子组合形式,语言的中心是由各种不同类型的语块组成的词库。,Lewis(1997),four fundamental types of chunks:1)words and polywords-phrases that have a degree of idiomaticity and have usually appear in even quite simple dictionaries 2.collocationscombinations of words with a certain frequency(munity
9、 service,rancid butter),Lewis(1997),3.Institutionalized utteranceswhich are recalled as wholes and of which much conversation is made(e.g.Ill get it,well see,If I were you)4.sentence frames and heads which have large discourse features that allow us to decode complex written text and even text frame
10、s(e.g.that is not asas you think,the fact suggests that the problem/danger was that,Inthis paper we explore,Moon(1998),1.informational function,eg,by means of2.evaluative function,Chunks may convey the speakers evaluation and attitude(e.g.Its an ill wind,a pain in the neck).,Moon(1998),3.situational
11、 function,related to extra-linguistic context andrespond to situation(e.g.:Excuse me!So long.).4.Modalizing functionChunks which may convey truth value,advice,request,etc.(e.g.You know what I mean,).,5.organizationalfunction.chunks have a function of organizing-text and signaling discourse structure
12、(e.g.by the way,for instance).,Nattinger and DeCarrico(2001),Nattinger和DeCarrio将其称为“词汇短语”,认为它是间于传统的语法和词汇概念之间的一种特殊的多词现象,由两个或两个以上的单词组成,是个完整的词汇-语法单位。他将对预制语块作了详细地描述成聚合词语(一种固定的词级组合),约定俗成的表达方式(句级词汇短语,包括谚语、警句和社交公式语),指出了他们在语言习得过程中所起的作用。,Nattinger and DeCarrico(2001),three functional groups 1.social interact
13、ions,chunks are markers describing social relations Eg.Good morning,2.Necessary topics Eg.Id like to 3.discourse devices e.g.it seems thatas far as I know,近年来的研究成果,早期的研究多半认为,这些预制语块对语言的主体来说是微不足道的,但近30年来,许多语言学家都注意到语言学习者在语言学习/习得过程中,都会经历一个在某些时候使用大量未经过分析的、预制的语言时期。他们近来倾向把这些固定模式的表达放于语言习得的中心位置,并认为这是后期创造性使用语
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