《时间的脚印》ppt示范课件.ppt

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1、,时间是什么？,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

2、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

3、路,状元成才路,时间是物质存在的客观形式，无处不在，与每个人密切相关，但它看不到、触不着。,记录时间的工具,还有什么可以记录时间的更替？,8 时间的脚印,了解岩石记录时间（历史）的相关知识，掌握本文说明顺序中的逻辑顺序。（重点）明确说明对象，理清文章思路；体会本文生动有趣的语言。（难点）认识岩石记录时间的功能，培养学生的探索意识和科学精神。（重点）,学习目标,陶世龙（1929），四川安岳县人，我国著名科普作家。代表作品有打开地下宝库的钥匙揭开大地的秘密地球的画像火山和地震多变的地球等科普读物。,作者简介,本文选自时间的脚印（江苏教育出版社1999年版）。科普作家陶世龙毕业于北京大学地质系，参加

4、工作后长期与地质学科打交道，在国家推动科学普及和科学大众化的倡导下，作者致力于科普写作，尤其是针对青少年的科普作品较多。这篇科普文章以记录时间的方式为切入点，向我们介绍了有关岩石的丰富而有趣的科学知识。,背景链接,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

5、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

6、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,踪迹（）腐蚀（）浑浊（）山麓（）粗糙（）龟裂（）帷幕（）刨刮（）沟壑（）楔形（）钟鼎文（）海枯石烂（）,zn,jn,co,sh,wi,bo,h,l,zhu,xi,dn,k,字词学习,词语解释,腐蚀：通过化学作用，使物体逐渐消损破坏；人在坏的思想、行为、环境等因素影响下逐渐变质堕落。(本文用义项)浑浊：(水、空气等)含有杂质，不清洁、不新鲜。海枯石烂：海水枯干，石头粉粹。现多用于形容经

7、历极长的时间，但本文是原意。龟裂：裂开许多缝子。,胶结：半流体干燥后变硬黏结在一起。钟鼎文：古代铜器上铸的或刻的文字，通常专指殷周秦汉铜器的文字。甲骨文：古代刻在龟甲和兽骨上的文字，内容多是殷人占卜的记录，现在的汉字就是从甲骨文演变下来的。楔形文字：公元前三千多年美索不达米亚南部苏马连人创造的文字，笔划像楔子，古代巴比伦人、亚述人、波斯人等都曾使用这种文字。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

8、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

9、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,贴小标题：这些小标题可以归纳一些段落的内容，请将它们写到相应段落的开头。,整体感知,(15),“时间漫谈”,“石头的毁灭与新生”,“石头上的故事”,“读懂记录，造福人类”,(621),(2229),(3031),认真读课文，概括各部分大意

10、。,第一部分,由人类记录时间踪迹的方式联想到大自然记录时间的方式，进而提出“岩石是怎样记下时间”的疑问，引人思索和探寻。,(15),第二部分,从“大自然中的各种物质都时时刻刻在运动着”这一规律入手，详尽说明岩石“烂”与“生成”的变迁，旨在说明岩石层与层之间的顺序记录了时间的踪迹。,(621),状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

11、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

12、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,第四部分,启发人们探索自然奥秘，说明读懂岩石记录的重大意义。,第三部分,说明岩石为我们记录下的历史痕迹。,(2229),（30-31）,快速通读课文，找一找：文中有些段落只有一句话但起着承上启下的作用。请找出几个这样的例子，并作简要分析。,5、7、18、22、24、27,1.岩石是怎样记录下时间的呢？（5

13、）,承上启下，由人类记录时间的方式，引出岩石记录时间方式的探寻。,2.真的有“海枯石烂”的时候。（7）,开启下文，说明岩石“毁灭”的过程。,3.经过长期的重压和胶结，那些碎石和泥沙重新形成了岩石。（18）,总括上文，总结了岩石“毁灭”之后再度“新生”的过程。,4.岩石保存了远比上面所说的多得多的历史痕迹。（22）,承上，收住有关岩石自身解体与新生的话；启下，解读下文有关岩石上的历史痕迹。,5.从“死”的石头上，我们看到了地壳的活动。（24）,概括评价上一段的叙述内容。,6.化石是历史的证人，它帮助我们认识地球历史的发展过程。（24）,承上文，化石的作用；启下文，说明化石是怎样帮我们认识地球历史

14、的发展过程的。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

15、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

16、路,状元成才路,自由读课文，思考：课文主要介绍分析岩石记录时间的奇异功能，为什么不直接进入正题，而要先引用高士其的话？,课文精讲,时间伯伯，你是最伟大的旅行家，你从不犹豫你的脚步，你走过历史的每一个时代。高士其时间伯伯,引用高士其的话把时间拟人化，一方面与主题照应，另一方面，通过引用，由生活时间引入地质时间，更切合读者实际生活，吸引读者。文题“时间的脚印”实际上是“从岩石上，可以看到时间的长短”的意思。,自由读1-5自然段，说一说：1.现在的人们是怎样记录时间的？,钟表和日历,2.中国古代用什么来记录时间？,铜壶滴漏,3.本文中提到的岩石有什么作用？,它是大自然用来记录时间的。,铜壶滴漏,水从

17、一个铜壶缓缓地滴进另一个铜壶，时间过去了，这个壶里的水空了，那个壶里的水却又多了起来。时间是看不见的，但是我们用水滴记下了逝去的时间。,小知识,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

18、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

19、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,自由读6-21自然段，分组讨论：1.岩石的运动规律是什么？,被破坏,被搬运、被堆积,重新生成岩石,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

20、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

21、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,2.你能根据书上的有关内容概述石烂到新生的过程吗？,岩石,小石子,沙砾、泥土,新岩石,沉淀,重压,胶结,3.人们是怎样根据岩石来判断时间的？（重点读第19自然段）,可从岩层厚度、排列顺序、地壳运动等方面思考。岩层厚度：1米厚（300010000年）；排列顺序：最早形成的躺在最下面；地壳运动：平卧的岩层变得歪斜甚至直立。,自由读22-29自然段，分组讨论：1

22、.岩石是怎样保存历史痕迹的？,可从岩石结构、石头颜色、生物化石等方面去考虑。岩石结构反映地壳的活动 石头颜色反映远古的气候 生物化石反映历史的发展,2.岩石保存了哪些历史的痕迹？,地壳的活动；气候的变化；古代生物的状况；地球历史的发展过程；自然界转瞬即逝的活动。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

23、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

24、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,3.人类是怎样根据岩石来认识地球的发展历史的？,根据不同类型的化石去思考。三叶虫化石“寒武纪”海洋宽广大树木化石“石炭纪”温暖潮湿长毛兽化石“第四纪”气候寒冷,三叶虫化石,小知识,细细品味最后一段，说一说：读懂岩石记录有什么重大意义？,不仅可以增加知识，而且可以探寻地下“宝藏”，更有无穷的大自然奥妙存在。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

25、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

26、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,1、狂风吹来了，洪水冲来了，

27、冰河爬来了，碎石、沙砾、泥土被它们带着，开始了旅行。排比句，生动的描绘了“狂风”“洪水”“冰河”等自然力的气势。“冲来了”“爬来了”也是一种拟人化的描述增强了“洪水”“冰河”的动感和目的性，表现了它们势不可挡的威力。把“爬”字改成“流”字可以吗？为什么？,不好。用“爬”字，形象生动，而且显出移动的缓慢。,品析语言,2、不要认为岩石是坚固不坏的，它无时无刻不经受着从各方面来的攻击。,将“炎热的阳光”“严寒的霜雪”以及风雨等对岩石的破坏说成是攻击，仿佛是有意识的行为，这样就强化了他们与岩石的敌对性，形象的说明了岩石“无时无刻不经受着磨难”,3、越是笨重的石块越跑不远，越是轻小的沙砾越能旅行到遥远的

28、地方,以拟人化的手法，写岩石被分解后的不同命运。这样写增强了事物的主动性或被动性，生动有趣,4、在受到重压的时候，有一些物质填充到泥沙中的孔隙里去，就使泥沙胶结得更紧密了。把“胶结”改成“粘合”可以吗？为什么？,不可以。用“胶结”准确地表明了泥沙变成岩石所起的变化。,岩石在最初生成的时候，像书页一样平卧着，一层层地叠在一起，最早形成的“躺”在最下面。把“躺”字改成“铺”字好吗？为什么？,不好。“躺”字，与平卧呼应，用“躺”形容岩石的生成状态，化动为静，准确而又形象的说明了岩石的形成过程。,1.课文在说明岩石可以记录时间后，接着写了一段介绍北京故宫“铜壶滴漏”的内容，这是否偏离了文章的主题？,深

29、入探究,没有偏离主题，原因：增强文章吸引力，使人联想到岩石记录时间的方式也会很有趣；这是一种做铺垫的写法，人类记录时间的方式有如此奇异的，那么大自然记录时间的方式会更奇妙，更具内涵。,2.从本文的说明顺序和探索意义上谈谈你所获得的启示。,通过本文的学习，我们了解到常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。同时我们还知道岩石原来也能记下时间，岩石就是一部无字的史书。其实岂止岩石？大自然中的一事一物，都是一部蕴含深刻内容的史书。陶先生不过是给我们拉开了帷幕的一角而已，我们要不断丰富自己的知识，用自己的智慧和才能去探求大自然的奥秘，来造福人类。,3.本文向我们介绍了有关岩石的丰富而有趣的科学知识

30、，你由此对科普类文章有了怎样的认识呢？大家讨论讨论，然后踊跃争当中心发言人，谈谈大家的认识。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

31、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

32、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,总述自然界各种物质的运动,人类记录时间,时间脚印岩石记录,分说岩石“烂掉”的原因和过程,岩石层记录时间的踪迹,岩石记录的历史痕迹启发人们探索自然奥秘,分说岩石生成的过程和历时的漫长,总说岩层与岩层之间的顺序记录时间的踪迹,大自然记录时间,板书设计,本文以充满智慧的笔触，娓娓而谈岩石能够记录时间的脚印的原因，记录的内容和人类读懂大自然这种记录的重大意义，以丰富的实例和富有启发性的语言，引起人们探索自然奥秘的兴趣。,主旨概括,1.条理清晰，有逻辑性。文章第二部分，首先总说自然界各种物质的运动。然后分说岩石

33、的原因和过程。接下来分说岩石生成的过程和历时的漫长。最后总说岩层与岩层之间的顺序记录时间的踪迹。层次分明，条理清晰。,写作借鉴,2.语言生动形象。本文语言生动形象，把时间拟人化，既给人以知识，又给人一种亲切感。例如，作者采用了排比句式，如“炎热的阳光烘烤着它，严寒的霜雪冷冻着它，风吹着它，雨打着它”说明了岩石遭受到来自多方面的破坏。再如，采用打比方的说明方法，使说明生动、形象，如“如果大量的水结成了冰，刨刮着所遇到一些石头”。,拓展延伸,少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。一寸光阴一寸金，寸金难买寸光阴。放弃时间的人，时间也放弃他。时间就像海绵里的水，只要愿挤，总还是有的。莫等闲，白了少年头，空悲切！逝者如斯夫，不舍昼夜。,人们对时间感受的名言：,找一找：文中运用了哪些说明方法，试举例说明。课外阅读有关科普读物。,课后作业,