Lecture2.进口保护政策:关税.ppt
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1、Lecture 2,进口保护政策:关税,When goods enter,Import substitutionExport promotionTariffNon-tariff,July 25,2000 The Center for Asia and the Emerging Economies at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth University launched its Emerging Market Access Index(EMAI)in May.The inaugural EMAI ranks 44 countries in t
2、erms of the level of access afforded to foreign goods,services,and investment.The higher the index rating,the easier it is to conduct international commerce in a given country.Countries with a low EMAI have relatively high trade barriers.,Barriers to trade in goods,including average tariff levels,cu
3、stoms regimes,import licensing requirements,import quotas,standards barriers to trade,certification requirements,and the goods tax structure.Intellectual property rights regime,including the patent,copyright,and trademark systems,as well as the prevalence of piracy.Barriers to services,including fin
4、ancial,telecommunications,and legal.Export subsidies.Investment barriers.Government procurement policies.,Trade Restrictions:Tariffs,Tariff Barrier,Conception(关税的含义)Classify(关税的分类)Welfare Effects(关税的福利效应)Optimal Tariff(最优关税)Effective Rate of Protection(关税的有效保护率)Case study:Chinese tariff policy,Conce
5、pts about Tariff,What is Tariff?A tariff is a tax or duty levied on the traded commodity as it crosses a customs boundary of a nation.关税是对通过一国关境的贸易商品所课征的税收。,Concepts about Tariff,Average TariffUnweighted average tariff rateWeighted average tariff rateTariff rate=the total amount of import tariff inc
6、ome/the total amount of the imported value including both the levied and not-levied*100%Tariff rate=the total amount of import tariff income/the total amount of the levied imported value*100%Sample weighted,Classify,According to practice of imposing taxes(根据征税的方法分)According to taxation object(根据征税的对
7、象分)According to aims of taxation(根据征税的目的分),按征税的方法分,Specific Tariff(从量税)Ad Valorem Tariff(从价税)Mixed or Compound Tariff(混合税)Alternative Duties(选择税),Advantages and disadvantages of Specific Tariff,Advantages:Easy to handle.手续简便,无须审查货物的规格、价格和品质,可以节约征税成本和费用;进口价格下跌时,关税仍保持一定水平,因而不影响保护作用;可防止进口商谎报进口价格。Disadv
8、antages对等级、品质、价格不同的货物按同一税率征收,税负不合理;税率固定,没有弹性,税额不随物价涨落而变化,失去了市场价格机能。商品的价格越高,从量税对国内市场的保护程度越低,Advantages of Ad Valorem Tariff,Easy to estimate the tariff income;Fair;consider 2 bottles of wine,one is$2,the other is$20.WTO tariff deduction negotiations have been based on Ad Valorem Tariff.Easy to compar
9、e the tariff level of economies.,disadvantages of Ad Valorem Tariff,海关估价(Custom Valuation)问题完税价格(Transaction Price)是从价税的一个关键问题,完税价格是经海关审定作为计征关税依据的货物价格。现在多数国家采用正常价格为完税价格,即在正常贸易过程中,充分竞争条件下,某一商品的成交价格。如果发票价格与正常价格一致,即以发票价格为依据征税;如果发票价格低于正常价格(Normal Price),则以海关估价为依据。,Compound Tariff,混合税又称复合税,即对同一种的同时采用从量、从
10、价两种标准征收关税。方法:从量税为主+从价税;从价税为主+从量税,混合税(复合税),Alternative Duties(选择税),指对同一物品同时规定从价税和从量税两种税率。征税时选择税额较高的一种征收。通常,当进口产品物价上涨时,选择从价税,当进口产品物价下降时,选择从量税。Advantage:flexibleDisadvantage:arouse dispute,按征税的对象分,Import tariff(进口税)General tariff(普通关税)MFNT tariff(最惠国待遇税)Import Surtaxes(进口附加税)Anti-dumping Duty(反倾销税)Coun
11、tervailing Duty(反补贴税)Variable Levy(差价税)Cross-border Tariff(过境税)Export Tariff(出口税),MFNT Tariff,MFNTmost favored nation treat(最惠国待遇)WTO最惠国待遇的含义是指在货物、服务和知识产权领域,缔约方(成员国)给予任何其他国家的优惠待遇,立即和无条件地给予其他缔约国或成员国(The MFNT principle requires a signatory(member)country to extend to all other contracting parties any
12、advantage,favor,privilege and immunity affecting trade charges that it grants to another contracting party.),MFN Tariff,%1,%1,%0,0,根据WTO的规定,每一成员国对所有成员国都应当给予“最惠国待遇”。这样,如果一国改变了某一贸易伙伴的待遇,WTO所有成员国都将得到这一“最优惠待遇”。,0%,MFNT is complemented by the national treatment rule(国民待遇原则NTR)which requires a member coun
13、try to treat its own and foreign products,services or nationals equally.,最惠国待遇税的优惠程度,Export Tariff,出口税是出口国的海关在本国商品输往国外时,对出口商品征收的一种关税。increase the exporting prices,weaken the price competitiveness,why?Protect scarce resourcesImprove the TOT,我国实行出口税的产品,按征税的目的分,Providing revenues for government budgetR
14、evenue Tariff(财政性关税)Protecting an industry from importsProtective Tariff(保护性关税)Revenge Retaliatory Tariff(报复性关税)Deal with emergency Emergency Tariff(紧急关税),部分国家的关税收入占财政收入的比重(%),美动用201条款保护钢铁业,Section 201-Escape Clause2002年3月5日美国总统布什宣布,美国从3月20日起将对大多数进口钢材征收最高达30%的进口关税,并对厚钢板实行进口限额,以限制钢材进口,从而保护美国国内钢铁工业。这一
15、措施涉及欧盟以及日本、韩国、中国、俄罗斯等国钢铁产品的对美出口。,Section 201,the escape clause provision of the Trade Act of 1974,permits temporary import relief,not to exceed a maximum of eight years,to a domestic industry which is seriously injured,or threatened with serious injury,due to increased imports.Import relief,granted
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