宣城市宛溪河流域水环境综合整治工程打捆项目可行性研究报告142998054.doc

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1、unclear message may be sent. But we cannot blame the tools for the faults of the user, can we?During the explanation I looked at the pair of small objects called “thoughjtpads” on a table. They just looked like metal ribbons. So ordinary but so powerful! While I was observing them, the path moved us

2、 on.G: And now ladies and gentlemen, we are in the “environment area”. People used to collect waste in dustbins. Then the rubbish was sent to be buried or burned, am I right?(We nodded.) Well, now theres a system where the waste is disposed of using the principles of ecology. A giant machine, always

3、 greedy for more, swallows all the waste available. The rubbish is turned into several grades of useful material, such as “fertilizer” for the fields and “soul” for deserts. Nothing is wasted, and everything, even plastic bags, is recycled. A great idea, isnt it?I stared at the moving model of the w

4、aste machine, absorbed by its efficiency. But again we moved on.G: Our third stop shows the changes that have happened to work practices. Manufacturing no longer takes place on the earth but on space stations like this one. A group of engineers programmer robots to perform tasks in space. The robots

5、 produce goods such as drugs, clothes, furniture, hovering carriages, etc. There is no waste, no pollution and no environmental damage! However, the companies have to train their representatives to live and work in space settlements. They have to monitor the robots and the production. When the goods

6、 are ready theyre transported by industrial spaceship back to earth.My mind began to wander. What job would I do? My motivation increased as I thought of the wonderful world of the future.Unit 4 MY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT“unforgettable”, says new journalistNever will Zhou Yang (ZY) forget his first as

7、signment at the office of a popular English newspaper. His discussion with his new boss, Hu Xin (HX), was to strongly influence his life as a journalist.HX: Welcome. Were delighted youre coming to work with us. Your first job here will be an assistant journalist. Do you have any questions?ZY: Can I

8、go out on a story immediately?HX: (laughing)Thats admirable, but Im afraid it would be unusual! Wait till youre more experienced. First well put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist. Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself.ZY: Wonderful. What do I need to take with me

9、? I already have a notebook and camera.HX: No need for a camera. Youll have a professional photographer with you to take photographs. Youll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you re interested.ZY: Thank you. Not only am I interest

10、ed in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills.HX: Good.ZY: What do I need to remember when I go out to cover a story?HX: You need to be curious. Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know. We say a good journalis

11、t must have a good “nose” for a story. That means you must be able to assess when people are not telling the whole truth and then try to discover it. They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.ZY: What should I keep in mind?HX: Here comes my list of dos and donts:

12、dont miss your deadline, dont be rude, dont talk too much, but make sure you listen to the interviewee carefully.ZY: Why is listening so important?HX: Well, you have to listen for detailed facts. Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says.ZY: But how can I list

13、en carefully while taking notes?HX: This is a trick of the trade. If the interviewee agrees, you can use a recorder to get the facts straight. Its also useful if a person wants to challenge you. You have the evidence to support your story.ZY: I see! Have you ever had a case where someone accused you

14、r journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?HX: Yes, but it was a long time ago. This is how the story goes. A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win. We went to interview him. He denied taking money but we were skeptical. So

15、 we arranged an interview between the footballer and the man supposed to bribe him. When we saw them together we guessed from the footballers body language that he was not telling the truth. So we wrote an article suggesting he was guilty. It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded

16、damages if we were wrong. He tried to stop us publishing it but later we were proved right. ZY: Wow! That was a real “scoop”. Im looking forward to my first assignment now. Perhaps Ill get a scoop too!HX: Perhaps you will. You never know. GETTING THE “SCOOP”“quick,” said the editor. “Get that story

17、ready. We need it in this edition to be ahead of the other newspapers. This is a scoop.” Zou Yang had just come back into the office after an interview with a famous film star. “Did he really do that?” asked someone from the International News Department. “Yes, Im afraid he did,” Zhou Yang answered.

18、 He set to work. His first task was to write his story, but he had to do it carefully. Although he realized the man had been lying, Zhou Yang knew he must not accuse him directly. He would have to be accurate, Concise too! He knew how to do that. Months of training had taught him to write with no wa

19、sted words or phrases. He sat down at his computer and began to work.The first person who saw his article was a senior editor from his department,. He checked the evidence, read the article and passed it on to the copy-editor. She began to edit the piece and design the main headline and smaller head

20、ing. “This will look very good on the page,” she said. “Where is a good picture of this man?” Then as the article was going to be written in English Zhou Yang also took a copy to the native speaker employed by the newspaper to polish the style. She was also very happy with Zhou Yangs story. “You are

21、 really able to write a good front page article,” she said. Zhou Yang smiled with happiness. Last of all, the chief editor read it and approved it. “Well done,” he said to Zhou Yang. “But please show me your evidence so were sure weve got our facts straight.” “Ill bring it to you immediately,” said

22、Zhou Yang excitedly.The news desk editor took the story and began to work on all the stories and photos until all the pages were set. All the information was then ready to be processed into film negatives. This was the first stage of the printing process. They needed four negatives, as several color

23、s were going to be used on the story. Each of the main colors had one negative sheet and when they were combined they made a colored page for the newspaper. After one last check the page was ready to be printed. Zhou Yang waited excitedly for the first copies to be ready. “Wait till tonight,” his fr

24、iend whispered. “I expect there will be something about this on the television news. A real scoop!”Unit 5 FIRST AID FOR BURNSThe skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ. You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease, poisons and the suns harmful rays. The

25、functions of your skin are also very complex: it keeps you warm or cool; it prevents your body from losing too much water; it is where you feel cold, heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch. So as you can imagine, if your skin gets burned it can be very serious. First aid is a very importa

26、nt first step in the treatment of burns.Causes of burnsYou can get burned by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation (by being close to high heat or fire, etc), the sun,1 城市概述1.1 自然条件1.1.1 地理区位宣城市位于长江以南，黄山以北，地处皖南山区余脉与长江中下游冲积平原结合地带，皖东南门户。市域总面积为12340平方公里，地跨东经1175811940和北纬3017-3119。东邻江

27、苏和浙江的溧阳市、宜兴市、湖州市和杭州市，南接黄山市，西滨芜湖市，北界马鞍山市，全市总人口约274.2万人，人口密度为222.8人/平方公里。市区东距杭州240公里，南距黄山市198公里，北距南京194公里，芜湖76公里，距省会合肥213公里。市区现辖七个街道办事处(鳌峰、济川、澄江、西林、敬亭山、双桥和飞彩)，建成区面积35.85平方公里，市区总人口35.5万人，宣城市位于我国经济最归达的长江三角洲影响第二圈人，接受沪杭经济辐射强烈。同时与皖江经济带最重要的中心城市芜湖仅距76公里。宣城市市区是皖赣铁路与宣杭铁路的交汇点，同时又是两条高速公路318国道和合杭高速的对接城市。芜湖长江大桥和31

28、8高速公路的建设使宣城从公路、铁路北至合肥，东至杭州，南至黄山均有便捷通路。水阳江的水运可直达芜湖通往长江黄金水道。宣城市是沪、浙地区通往皖南旅游线与皖西皖东南旅游线的交叉点上。随着旅游事业的发展，对宣城市经济发展的城乡建设也将有更强的带动作用。1.1.2 地势地貌宣城市现代地貌格局基本上受地质构造控制，地势南高北低，地貌复杂多样。大致可分为山地、丘陵、山间盆地、岗地、平原等五种类型。南部山地、丘陵和盆谷交错，海拔高程一般2001000 米；中部丘陵岗冲起伏，高程一般15100 米；北部除一部分破碎的丘陵外，绝大部分为广袤的平原和星罗棋布的河湖港汊，圩区地面高程一般为712 米，其中郎川河沿岸

29、部分圩区在12 米以上，宣城市区金宝圩心最低处仅有5 米左右。宣城市规划区范围内总的地势是西南高、东北低，地形复杂且起伏不平。城区地面高程一般在1276m（吴淞高程系，下同），最高达88m。市区西北部2km有敬亭山，主峰海拔317m；西南部为丘陵地带，岗峦起伏，沟冲交错，平均地形坡度在610%，平均海拔2276m；东南部为水阳江冲击而成的平畈区，水网密布，地势低洼，地面高程大都在设计洪水位以下。1.1.3 水文地质宣城市水资源包括河川径流、地下水和太平湖过境径流三个部分，境内河流分属长江、钱塘江流域，包括水阳江、青弋江、太湖、新安江等水系。全市年均径流量93.16亿立方米，青弋江、水阳江贯穿本

30、市流入长江。青弋江在区内的主要支流有：徽水、孤峰河、琴溪河、包合河、茂林河、周寒河等。水阳江主要支流有西津河、东津河、中津河、华阳河、郎川河、宛溪河等。城区内主要河流有水阳江及其一级支流宛溪河，二级支流板桥河、桐梓岗河、青溪河、梅溪河、泥河、道叉河、白马河及官塘河；青弋江二级支流长桥河。水阳江属长江水系，发源于皖浙交界的天目山，上游由东津河、中津河和西津河三条支流在河沥溪汇合（汇口以上流域面积2580km2），汇口以下始称水阳江。流经汪溪、水东、孙家埠、宣城市区东郊，左岸汇华阳河（流域面积286km2）、宛溪河（流域面积330km2），右岸汇郎川河（流域面积2526km2）等支流，过新河庄、水

31、阳镇、花津等地，经南漪湖、固城湖和丹阳湖调蓄后由当涂太平口注入长江，流域面积10305km2。水阳江干流在东郊杨家嘴处（宣城水文站下游2km处）右岸有双桥河分流直接入南漪湖，洪水期的分流比约占宣城水文站以上干流的25%。依据宣城市环境保护规划，水阳江属地表类水区域，其主要水文参数如下：年平均流量 80.4m3/s年最大月平均流量 489m3/s年最小月平均流量 1.36m3/s常年水位 8.2-8.3m最高水位 17.46m（水文站，1996年6月30日）最低水位 5.8m历史最大洪峰流量 7700m3/s（1996年6月30日）最大流速 3.4m/s最小流量 0m3/s（有六年出现过断流，时

32、间最长达34天，1978年8月8日-9月11日）港口湾水库建成后，50年一遇设计洪水位：水阳江段北门 14.88m东溪桥 15.48m水文站 16.58m设计下泄流量 200m3/s宛溪河为水阳江左岸的一级支流，发源于宣城市东南部周王和新田交界的青峰山，自城区西南穿城而过，于北门三汊河处注入水阳江，流域面积330km2。主干河道（高速北门）长5.7km，其干流在响山以上有板桥河、桐梓岗河和青溪河3条支流（合计集水面积291.8km2）汇于响山至夏渡镇以南的开阔地段；响山以下又有左侧的梅溪河、道汊河，右侧的泥河相继汇入后至城区北门入水阳江。青溪河、梅溪河、道叉河和泥河为主城区的四条小溪流，均属于

33、水阳江的二级支流，有的已成为纳污河道，淤积也很严重。青溪河由五条小支流汇流而成，汇流面积86.5km2，从响山南面汇入宛溪河。梅溪河发源于敬亭山，汇水面积9.05km2，于南门大桥汇入宛溪河。道叉河发源于敬亭山，汇水面积8.38km2，于济川桥北汇入宛溪河,其洪峰流量直接影响市区西北部。泥河汇集九州大道以东城市污水和农田径流，流域面积20.9km2，从凤凰桥上游东岸注入宛溪河。所有河流中惟有城外从响山南面注入宛溪河的青溪河南段未受污染外，其余河流均受到不同程度的污染。白马河、官塘河为北部片区的二条溪流，属于水阳江的二级支流。白马河发源于敬亭山北麓，由三条支流汇流而成，汇水面积25.41km2，

34、于敬亭山东北部白马湖汇入水阳江。官塘河发源于北部片区，由四条小支流汇流而成，市区流域面积14.46km2，汇入城市北部官塘湖。长桥河为西部片区的一条溪流，属于青弋江的二级支流。长桥河发源于西部片区，由四条小支流汇流而成，市区流域面积46.11km2，于城市西部寒亭镇流入周寒河。东部片区为双桥联圩，圩区总面积约121.5km2，破城河穿区而过，区域内水网密布，水系发达，其中建设用地汇水面积11.06km2。主要要依靠沙河及排水干渠收集城市污水和农田径流排往下游。本市地下水量不大，且埋藏较深，开采利用较少，全市浅层地下水资源模数为11.74万立方米/平方公里，经环保部门监测，水质良好，可作为饮用水

35、源。中心城区属地下水贫水区，城北含水层厚度6-8米，地下水距地面的平均深度3米左右。1.1.4 气象条件气象特征：宣城市属中亚热带季风性湿润气候类型。由于地理位置、季风环流、地形差别的相互影响，该区具有春雨连绵、夏雨集中、秋雨偏少、冬季干冷、四季分明、日照充足、无霜期长的气候特点。气温：全年城区多年平均气温15.9，极端最高气温40.3（1988年7月18日），极端最低气温-14（1984年1月25日），年平均气温最高值17，无霜期235d左右。年均日照时数2074h。城区年均相对湿度为78.5%。区内主要风向为东风，频率为14%。冬季盛行东北风，夏季盛行东风。多年平均风速为3.3m/s。1月

36、份平均气温为2.9。7月份平均气温为28，历年来1-7月份气温逐月上升，8月份开始气温逐月下降，极端最低气，历年无霜期最长255天，最短为179天。降水：本区多年平均降水量1400mm。降水量年际变化较大，历年最大降水量为2105.4mm（1954年），最小降水量为760.8mm（1978年），丰枯水年降水量相差近3倍。降水的年内分配亦很不均匀，暴雨多集中在58月，约占全年的40%，尤以6、7月份最为集中，约占汛期58月的75%。宣城站历年实测最大24h暴雨量为291.2mm（1984年6月13日）。最大洪峰流量多发生在68月，尤以7月份居多。枯水流量一般在89月间出现，特大旱年水阳江断流，宛

37、溪河干涸。本区多年年均水面蒸发量1580mm。日照：全市全年太阳辐射总量平均为 115.4卡/cm2，全年日照数在1840-2130小时之间，平均时数为2017.3小时，地理分布呈北多南少，丘陵多山区少的特点，年日照时数最多的为7月份，最小的为2月份。1.1.5 地质地震全市境内完全发育了中上部古生代及下部中生、新生代的地层。城区西北部的丘岗地带属白垩纪红砂岩 构造，上部为510m的黄色粘土层，其下为35m厚的粘土夹石层，地基承载力特征值平均达20KPa；城区北部和东部系近代更新层，有浅层地下水，含水层厚度为68m，地基承载力特征值平均达812 KPa。中心城区均属红砂岩层构造，南部岗丘地上部

38、土层为5-10米黄色亚粘土，其下部为3-5米的粘土夹石层，再下为红砂岩，地基承载力特征值平均达120KPa。宣城市在地质分区上位于扬子准地台，处在长江中下游多金属成矿带的东侧。各时代地层发育较完整。前震旦系为变质岩，构成本区基底；震旦系至第四系以沉积岩为主，组成盖层。印支期至燕山早期地壳运动，导致本区盖层发生强烈褶皱、断裂和岩浆活动，演化成下扬子台褶带的一部分。燕山晚期的断块运动加强，使南部上升，形成隆起山地，北部沉降，成为断裂塌陷盆地。区域主导构造线为北东向，形成紧密的北东向线形褶皱和北东向主干断裂带。沿断裂带有一系列的中基性、酸性岩浆侵入与喷发活动，其中以燕山期花岗岩和闪长岩分布最广。据地

39、震地质和地震活动性分析，在距宣城市城区200公里范围段潜在震源区，沿江潜在震源区、溧阳潜在震源区和泾县潜在震源区等。宣城位于扬子准地台，各时代地层发育较完整。郯庐断裂带南段潜在震源区。郯庐断裂带是斜贯中国东部一条规模巨大、分割了不同大地构造单元的构造活动带，在新构造运动期间活动十分强烈。1668年其北端山东郯城发生8.5级地震，对宣城造成6度破坏。郯庐带南端，主要发育于淮河以南地区，历史上发生过中等强度地震，震级上限为6.5级。沿江潜在震源区。扬州镇江段。位于北东、北西和近东西三组活动断裂的交汇地段。历史上扬州、镇江等地汇处，历史上区内发生过破坏性地震，震级上限为6.0级。铜陵枞阳段。区内发育

40、北东向和北发生过破坏性地震，震级上限为6.5级。南京六合段。位于北东、近东西、北西西向活动断裂交西向两组活动断裂，控制第四纪沉积和地貌发育，历史上发生过破坏性地震，震级上限为6.0级。对宣城市域影响较大的潜在震源区包括：溧阳潜在震源区。于南渡金坛地堑内，是北东向和北西向两条地震带交汇处，历史上区内发生过破坏性地震。近代于1974年、1979年先后发生过5.5级、6.0级地震，对宣城市的破坏和影响较大，当前小震不断发生。震级上限为6.5级。泾县潜在震源区。主要位于泾县地区，区内主要构造背景为北东向及东西向断裂并相交，1743年泾县5.0级地震可能是这两条断裂共同活动的结果，震级上限为5.5级。以

41、上几个地震潜在震源区内如发生中强以上地震，都有可能给宣城市造成影响或破坏。根据中国地震动反应谱特征周期区划图，2001年中国地震动参数区划图：宣城市地震动峰值加速度为0.05，地震烈度为7度，对于一般建筑物和构筑物均按7度设防，重要建筑物按8度设防。1.2 社会经济1.2.1 历史沿革宣城市历史悠久，早在五千多年前，即有人类劳动、生息和繁衍。据史考，夏商时期，地属扬州辖、西周地属吴辖，秦统一正置县，属鄣郡、汉武帝属扬州，元封二年，改鄣郡为丹阳郡，郡治宛陵，东汉永和四年，改丹阳郡为宣城郡，此为史宣城郡之始，郡名取宣城县名，晋武帝太康二年，分丹阳郡为二，丹阳郡为宣城郡，宣城郡仍设在宛陵，郡治11县

42、，首为宛陵，次为宣城，五代时改宣城为宁国郡，宋时改宁国府，明、清相沿，府治一直设在宣城。民国元年，设宣城县，并直隶省，民国三十八年，设宣城专员公署，署治宣城，1952年属芜湖专员公署，署治芜湖市，1980年设宣城地区行政公署，署治芜湖市，1982年4月迁入宣城市县，1987年8月国务院批准，撤宣城县，设立宣州市，仍属宣城行政公署，2000年6月国务院批准撤销宣城行政公署和宣州市，设立省辖宣城市和宣城市辖宣州区。宣城的城池，据史书记载最早为东晋人史恒彝所筑，世称子城，隋开皇间，进行了第二次修筑，据史载，城垣有过三次大筑，七次修整，最后一次是五代时期南朝刺史林肇仁在隋朝基础上又修了新城，取地势之便

43、和风水之佳，将城池规划为鳌龟形状，这就是“宣城乌龟城”传说的由来。宣城的城池范围自北宋起基本定局，未作大的变运。近年来，随着改革开放的深入及社会经济条件的改善，城市发展较快，面貌日新月异。1.2.2 行政区划及人口宣城市辖五县一市一区，7个县市区辖办事处、镇，29个乡、800个村委会。市域总人口275.2万人，自然增长率8.73%，其中城镇人口101万人，占总人口的37%。中心城区建成区面积约35.85平方公里，人口35.5万人。1.2.3 环境保护情况城市空气: 宣城市城市环境空气质量较好，主要污染参数二氧化硫、二氧化氮、可吸入颗粒物年均值满足环境空气质量标准(GB3095-1996)二级标

44、准限值的要求；二氧化硫、二氧化氮日均值亦符合环境空气二级标准；市区环境空气可吸入颗粒物日均值全年总超标率为0.5%。 我市2004年降水酸雨频率为32.0%，较上年增加3.7%；降水最低pH值为3.33，年降水pH均值为5.08，比上年降低0.55pH。主要河流水质: 我市主要河流水质基本符合国家标准要求，水阳江宁国段、青弋江泾县段水质满足地表水环境质量标准（GB3838-2004）类标准，水质状况优，水阳江宣州段水质基本符合类标准，水质状况良好，仅在枯水期鲤鱼滩断面总氮、粪大肠菌群监测结果出现一次超标。水阳江宣州段水质污染指数较上年略有下降，污染趋缓。城市噪声: 我市区域环境噪声质量一般，平

45、均等效声级为51.7dB(A)，总超标率为2.0%，超标发生于居民文教区，为11.1%。与上年相比，声学环境质量略有下降。1.2.4 经济发展水平2007年宣城市经济社会继续保持平衡较快发展，综合经济实力显著增强。全年实现地区生产总值336.7亿元，按可比价格计算（下同），比上年增长14.1%，经济总量跃上300亿的新台阶。其中，第一产业实现增加值65.5亿元，增长6.0%；第二产业实现增加值134.4亿元，增长20.5%；第三产业实现增加值136.8亿元，增长12.1%。人均生产总值继2005年突破1000美元后达到13051元（折合1716美元），比上年增长14.1%。财政总收入完成37.

46、3亿元，增长36.6%；三次产业结构由上年的20.5:38.5:41.0变化为19.5:39.9:40.6，二三产业比重比上年提高1个百分点，工业化建设进程有新的加快，保障和社会服务能力继续提高和完善。2007年宣城市固定资产投资增势强劲，全年完成全社会固定资产投资292.7亿元，比上年增长52.2%，实现社会消费品零售总114.4亿元，比上年增长17.2%。完成进出口总值37877万美元，比上年增长34.6%。2007年全市城市居民人均可支配收入10436元，比上年增长15.4%；农民人均纯收入4285元，增长17.4%。农业平稳增长，工业发展速度加快，服务业发展日趋活跃；重点项目建设取得重

47、大突破，基础设施建设继续加强，城市建设力度明显加大；改革开放不断深入，招商引资势头良好，对外贸易进一步扩大；经济运行质量稳步提升，财政收入大幅增长；各项改革深入推进，民营经济加速壮大，县域经济快速健康发展；科技、教育、文化、卫生等社会各项事业全面进步，城乡居民收入不断提高。1.3 相关规划概况1.3.1 宣城市城市总体规划（2007-2020）城市性质泛长三角地区生态环境优良的山水宜居城市与旅游城市，历史文化名城，皖东南中心城市和制造业基地。城市职能：（1）皖东南的中心城市（2）安徽东部地区重要的交通枢纽（3）历史文化名城（4）安徽沿江地区重要的工业基地（5）优美宜居的旅游山水园林城市城市规模2010 年，宣城中心城区城市人口规模为43 万人，城市建设用地为43 平方公里；人均建设用地100 平方米，20062010 年平均每年增加1.79 平方公里；2020 年，宣城中心城区城市人口规模为65 万人，城市建设用地控制在65 平方公里以内；人均建设用地100 平方米，20102020 年平均每年增加2.2 平方公里，远景2030 年发展成为80 平方公里，人均建设用地100 平方米人，2020-2030 年平均每年增加1.5 平方公里。城市发展方向：“西进、北跨、东稳、南控”。城市功能分区：中心城市形成“一城、三片