毕业设计论文钢筋混凝土肋拱桥静、动力荷载实验方案设计.doc

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11、aining前 言近几十年来，随着科学技术的进步，国民经济的蓬勃发展，国家基础设施建设规模的不断扩大，我国桥梁建设取得了举世瞩目的成就，桥梁建筑技术也有了很大的进展。为保证桥梁的正常使用，检验桥梁结构特性及其工作状态是否符合设计标准和使用要求，需要对桥梁进行动静载荷载试验。我国自上世纪80年代起开始，公路建设事业步入了高速发展时期，建设了大量各类桥梁，目前公路桥梁总数已突破57万座，成为仅次于美国的世界第二桥梁大国。许多大跨度桥梁也应运而生，但随着跨度的增大，从几百m到3000m；加劲梁的高跨比越来越小(1/40-1/300)；安全系数也随之下降，由以前的4-5下降为2-3。而我国现有桥梁设计

12、、施工的缺陷和长期使用过程中的损伤、老化或灾害也逐渐暴露出来，混凝土结构开裂、使用性能降低、承载力不足、抗震性能不良等诸多问题严重影响了现有路网结构的使用寿命周期和结构安全。且随着超重设备运输的出现，部分桥梁由于设计荷载等级的限制，特别是早期修建的桥梁，荷载等级均不能满足超重设备运输的需要。由于缺乏必要的监测和相应的养护，世界各地出现了大量桥梁损坏事故，给国民经济和生命财产造成了巨大损失。为了确保这些耗资巨大，与国计民生密切相关的大桥的质量，特别是一些新结构形式的桥梁及使用新材料、新施工工艺桥梁的质量，根据交通部颁布的公路养护技术规范要求，必须对这些大桥进行承载力鉴定。然而由于理论推断与实际结

13、构的特性往往存在着一定的差别，所以目前承载力的鉴定还离不开荷载试验，桥梁荷载试验是评价桥梁质量的最直接和有效的方法和手段。一般桥梁荷载试验的目的有:1、检验桥梁设计与施工的质量对于一些新建的大、中型桥梁或者具有特殊设计的桥梁，在设计施工过程中必然会遇到许多新问题，为保证桥梁建设质量，施工过程中往往要求做施工监控。在竣工后一般还要求进行荷载试验，以检验桥梁整体受力性能和承载力是否达到设计文件和规范的要求，并把试验结果作为评定工程质量优劣的主要技术资料和依据。2、判断桥梁结构的实际承载力旧桥由于构件局部发生意外损伤，使用过程中产生明显病害，设计荷载等级偏低等原因，有必要通过荷载试验判定构件损伤程度

14、及承载力、受力性能的下降幅度，确定其运营荷载等级。同时，旧桥荷载试验也是改建、加固设计的重要依据。3.验证桥梁结构设计理论和设计方法对于桥梁工程中的新结构、新材料和新工艺，应通过荷载试验验证桥梁的计算图式是否正确，材料性能是否与理论相符.施工工艺是否达到预期目的。对相关理论问题的深入研究，往往也需要大量荷载试验的实测数据。桥梁荷载试验是判定桥梁承载力性能时所不可忽略的重要步骤之一。桥梁荷载试验利用荷载作用引起桥梁结构的变位和振动从而测试桥梁结构指定部位的应力、应变、位移及加速度等数据。可按加载方式不同分为静载试验和动载试验。由静载试验可得到结构的强度、刚度;由动载试验可得到结构的模态特性(自振

15、频率、振型和阻尼比) 和系统参数(刚度、质量和阻尼矩阵) 。由此可确定桥梁结构实际工作状况和承载能力,掌握理论上难以模拟的部位或工况下的桥梁实际受力状态,发现一般性检查和检测中难以发觉的隐蔽病害,对桥梁结构做出总体评价并判别桥梁的安全承载能力。目前,对于新建的大跨桥梁,修复或改建/ 加固的旧桥,以及要通过特种车辆的新、旧桥梁,均需进行桥梁荷载试验以有效评定其承载能力。本文重点阐述了有限元模型的建立及桥梁荷载试验在桥梁检测中的应用,指出了其存在的问题及今后的研究发展方向。supervision in large and medium goods vehicle. A is established

16、 large vehicles and small vehicles classification management of motor vehicle test mode, increased medium van car, and dangerous goods transport car, and school car test project; II is established motor vehicle test regulatory platform, achieved motor vehicle test full process video, and data remote

17、 regulatory; three is strictly motor vehicle identification management, equipped with unified of identification equipment and tool, using mobile identification Terminal, and law enforcement records instrument, technology identification means. As to 20XX years June 20 statewide motor vehicle keep vol

18、ume for 567,408 car, and last year earlier than growth 75,814 car, growth 13.36%; this year January-June, vehicles management section and license archives management section total accepted the motor vehicle registration business 42,543 car times, which registered registration 6,905 car times, and tr

19、ansfer registration 3,592 car times, and change registration 1033 car times, and mortgage registration 696 car times, and cancellation registration 187 car times, and into business 980 car times, and Archives corrections 81 pieces times, and issued test qualified logo 25,429 car times, and other veh

20、icles business 3,640 car times; supervision Survey Section relies on motor vehicle detection remote issued test qualified logo software platform supervision motor vehicle test, and identification situation 7418l liangci, investigation motor vehicle exception business 30 car times, his pards business

21、 warning 244 article, vehicles and driving people sound video regulatory screenshots 1852 Zhang, checks motor vehicle archives 716 pieces times, and medium bus, and medium above truck, and Of hazardous chemicals, vehicles and school buses and other key vehicle inspection record of 420. (C) based on

22、their own, and strict adherence to defense, more cheating, false false fugitive suspects, robbery suspect vehicles and the Internet crackdown. DMV full play to the first line of Defense position control, investigating cheating, fake identification and robbery suspect vehicles through operational wor

23、k, and carefully examine the documents and legal proof, check traffic violations, traffic accidents, the fugitive suspect suspected vehicles and theft than to work, further tight car, driving management business formalities review procedures. . Truck driver information management platform. Motor veh

24、icles and traffic police departments, State transport authority to further clarify the Division of labour, implementation responsibility, strengthen our collaboration and management together, reinforcing the management of drivers on which strongly synthetic warfare and information warfare. 3 strictl

25、y implemented. From May 1 up, a is implemented complex road and bad weather driving exam, currently DMV is urged contractors party in treasures driving school increased simulation Highway, and continuous urgent detours, and snow days, and wet sliding road, and burst situation disposal, subjects II f

26、ield to driving exam project, is expected2011届工程力学专业毕业设计（论文）目 录摘要ABSTRACT第1章 绪论.11.1桥梁动载静载试验简介.11.1.1桥梁的荷载试验.11.1.2选题目的的理论价值和现实意义.11.1.3本课题在国内外的研究状况及发展趋势.21.1.4荷载试验研究的主要内容.41.2 混凝土箱型肋拱桥静荷载试验方案设计的重点.51.2.1本论文研究内容及目的.51.2.2本方案设计的重点.51.3大桥概述.61.3.1工程概况.61.3.2 技术标准.61.3.3桥位，桥型的确定.61.3.4桥孔布置及桥面标高.61.3.5基

27、础工程.61.3.6设计要点.6第2章 软件介绍及有限元模型的建立.82.1引言.82.2 SAP2000介绍.82.2.1 SAP2000特点.82.2.2 SAP2000适用范围.82.2.3 SAP2000程序的一些主要功能.92.3 SAP2000模型的建立.92.3.1 SAP2000建模的一般步骤.92.3.2 SAP2000模型平面图形.122.3.3 SAP2000模型立体图.13第3章 荷载试验理论计算资料.143.1荷载效率的定义.143.2 计算汽车冲击系数的确定.143.3试验荷载与控制截面的确定.153.4拱顶截面内力的计算.163.4.1求拱顶截面的设计内力.163

28、.4.2求拱顶截面的试验内力.173.4.3拱顶截面的试验荷载效率.173.5拱脚截面内力的计算.173.5.1拱脚截面设计内力.183.5.2拱脚截面试验内力.183.5.3求拱脚截面的试验荷载效率.193.6四分之一截面内力的计算.193.6.1四分之一截面设计内力.193.6.2四分之一截面试验内力.203.6.3求四分之一截面的试验荷载效率.213.7八分之三截面内力的计算.223.7.1求八分之三截面的设计内力.223.7.2 八分之三截面的试验内力.223.7.3求八分之三截面的试验荷载效率.243.8 肋拱桥的应力、挠度计算.243.8.1各控制截面下的应力计算.243.8.2各

29、控制截面下的挠度计算.26第4章 荷载试验方案.274.1 桥梁工程概况.274.1.1桥梁总体设计.274.1.2主要技术指标.274.2试验依据.274.3试验目的.284.4主要检测内容.284.5试验检测方法.284.5.1应力.284.5.2变位.284.5.3试验荷载作用下裂缝观测.294.5.4结构动力荷载试验.294.6控制截面以及测点布置.294.6.1加载工况.294.6.2试验桥跨测点布置.294.7试验荷载及试验工况.324.7.1控制荷载.324.7.2控制内力.324.7.3试验荷载.324.7.4试验工况.334.7.5静力试验荷载效率.344.7.6加载车布置.

30、344.8主要检测仪器.364.8.1静力试验.364.8.2动力试验.364.9试验组织及安全措施.37第5章 总结与展望.39致 谢.41参考文献.42- 41 -摘要近几十年来，随着科学技术的进步，国民经济的蓬勃发展，国家基础设施建设规模的不断扩大，我国桥梁建设取得了举世瞩目的成就，桥梁建筑技术也有了很大的进展。钢筋混凝土拱桥由于承载力高、跨越能力强、抗震性能好、施工方便而得到迅速发展。为保证桥梁的正常使用，检验桥梁结构特性及其工作状态是否符合设计标准和使用要求，需要对桥梁进行动静载荷载试验2。桥梁在长期的使用过程中不免会发生各种结构损伤。此外随着我国交通建设的迅速发展，交通运输量大幅度

31、增加，行车密度及车辆载重越来越大，这也可能因为超载而造成桥梁结构的损伤继而加剧其自然老化。这些因素均导致了桥梁承载能力和耐久性的降低，由此而引起的一系列问题都需要相应的维修、改造和加固来解决，而这些工作又必须在对桥梁结构详细和系统的检测的基础上才能妥善进行3。关键字：桥梁，交通，荷载试验ABSTRACTIn recent decades, with scientific and technological progress, the rapid development of the national economy, national infrastructure continues to e

32、xpand the scale of construction, bridge construction in China has made remarkable achievements in bridge construction technology has also been much progress. Since the high capacity of reinforced concrete arch bridge, spanning ability, seismic performance, construction of convenient and rapid develo

33、pment. To ensure the normal use of the bridge, bridge inspection and structural characteristics and working conditions for conformance to design standards and use requirements, the need for dynamic and static load on the bridge load test. Bridge in the long process of using a variety of structural d

34、amage will inevitably occur. In addition, as the rapid development of transportation construction, a substantial increase in traffic volume, traffic density and traffic load increases, which may also be due to overloading of the damage caused by the bridge and then increased their natural aging. The

35、se factors have led to a bridge carrying capacity and durability of the reduction, the resulting series of questions have to be the appropriate maintenance, renovation and reinforcement to solve, and these must be on the bridge structure and detailed and based on the detection system can be properly

36、 carried out. Keywords: bridges, traffic, load test第1章 绪论1.1桥梁动载静载试验简介1.1.1桥梁的荷载试验近几十年来，城市中大跨桥梁、立交工程和复杂高架桥梁大量涌现。我国的江河上和城市内，都修建了许多特大和大、中型桥梁，包括铁路桥梁、公路桥梁、公铁两用桥和城市的立交桥等4。检验桥梁结构特性及其工作状态是否符合设计标准和使用要求，以保证桥梁今后的安全运营，需要对已建成桥梁进行动静载荷载试验。通过动静载荷载试验为桥梁结构评估提供参考依据，是桥梁建设和使用中必不可少的一个重要环节。一般来说，桥梁有以下情况时需进行荷载试验：一是兴建的大跨度混凝

37、土桥，尤其是采用了新结构、新材料和新工艺的桥跨结构更需进行荷载试验；二是需通行特种车辆的新旧桥梁，为保证该桥使用安全，需按实际轮位和轴重进行模拟荷载试验或等效荷载试验；三是修复的、改建的或加固的旧桥，为验证工程效果，需进行验收或鉴定性荷载试验；四是年久失修，且缺乏设计和施工技术数据的旧桥，为判断是否能承受预计的荷载，也需进行荷载试验 在实际工作中，桥梁荷载试验在桥梁的科研，设计，施工，验收等各方面都起着重要的作用。按照荷载试验的侧重点，目的与要求不同，桥梁荷载试验分为以下几种：（1） 科学研究性试验和生产坚定性试验（2） 动荷载试验和静荷载试验（3） 原型试验和模型试验（4） 破坏性试验和非破

38、坏性试验（5） 长期试验和短期试验1.1.2选题目的的理论价值和现实意义通过制定动静荷载实验方案，对实验结果进行分析，并结合有限元方法分析该桥的静载受力性能，以及动力特性等，从而对桥梁的安全性作出评估。桥梁荷载试验的目的有：（1）检验桥梁设计与施工的质量，对于一些大，中型桥梁或者具有特殊设计的桥梁，在设计施工中必然会遇到许多新问题，为保证桥梁建设质量，施工过程中往往要求做施工监控，在竣工后一般还要求进行荷载试验，以检验桥梁是否符合规范和满足要求。（2）检验桥梁的动力性能是否满足正常使用的要求；通过荷载试验验证桥梁的计算图式是否正确，材料性能是否与理论相符，施工工艺是否达到预期目的。（3）检验桥

39、梁的承载能力是否满足设计要求，桥梁使用中产生病害吗，设计荷载等级偏低等原因，有必要通过荷载试验判定构件损伤程度及承载力，受力性能的下降幅度，确定其运营荷载等级，为桥梁的运营、养护和管理提供依据。桥梁检测的价值与意义：随着我国公路桥梁事业的发展，新建的桥梁越来越多，同时亦有许多旧桥逐渐进入养护维护阶段，为了适应公路运输量不断发展的要求，充分利用既有的公路桥梁，使之能够安全地为公路运输服务，根据交通部颁布的公路桥梁养护规范要求，必须对桥梁进行检测而对桥梁进行荷载试验是桥梁检测的重要手段。通过桥梁荷载试验结果可以更精确的评估桥梁的实际承载能力并判定桥梁是否需要检修加固，从而使桥梁在实际工程中发挥更大的运输作用。 1.1.3本课题在国内外的研究状况及发展趋势